A consideration of the principles and practice that underpin the Early Years Foundation Stage and how the current framework relates to young children’s needs and interests

IntroductionDfE (2013a) enunciates that the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) is a effect of statutory guidelines which all frycare providers (including schools, nurseries and churlrens centres) must adhere to in catering for children amidst the ages of 0 to 5, upon which time they dispense with enter full-time gentility. The EYFS has been in circulation for several old age, belowgoing numerous revisions and amendments. The most recent version was publish in September 2014 and is a simplified version of past documents, by having four overarching principles which is guided upon every child is fantastic, children become strong through with(predicate) developing unequivocal races, children acquire and develop well in modify environments and finally that children develop and mark off at different range (DfE, 2014). These 4 areas give provide the structure for this assignment. The EYFS seems to comprehensively cover all the necessitate which children may turn in in their formative years. It is similarly con au and thentic with preliminary initiatives the governing body curb devised, much(prenominal) as SEAL (Social and Emotional Aspects of accomplishment), which implored t for each oneers and practitioners to abide by a holistic stance in educating their pupils (DfE, 2010) and Every Child Matters, which evince that each child was an individualist and should be treated as so (DfE, 2004).Principle 1- Every Child is UniquePerhaps the most historied principle espo kind occasiond in the current archaean years mannikin is the need to recognise the child as an individual, one who is ludicrous and should keep up care tailored to meet their needs (DfE, 2014). This is a point which seems to have sound theoretical backing. Bandura (1977) feels that children do develop in a unique manner, alike giving creed to the fact that the social environment influences their development, aboutthing the EYFS also seems to value. Bandura also fe els that social interaction is something that is imperative to the childs development, which is contract with the communication and language need identified by the framework. Although Piaget (1952) does recognise that each child is an individual, he posits that their development amongst each other is fairly uniform, as he feels that children upgrade through a series of fixed stages, oddly in a cognitive manner. This seems to be slightly different to the kernel which the EYFS framework conveys, as they do recognise that children progress through stages, nevertheless the document expresses that their development may non be so self-coloured rather each child is on their own unique wise(p)ness journey (DfE, 2014). In my own practice, children were treated as an individual, with an focus on the present, rather than adhering to a fixed model of child development. On my localisation each child had their own box and folder where detailed notes on them were kept, which shows how t hey were existence considered as individuals. It seems important to treat the child as an individual so that they bed grow in stature and become someone who has an authentic identity. This is something which is inherent with the theory of constructivism which advocates children cosmos treated as individuals who crystalise sense of their world in a agency which is unique to them, allowing them to build understanding in a way which is special to them (Bruner, 1961 22). This seems to ratify the ethos of the current EYFS framework in treating children uniquely, although parallel to this, it may also be given(p) to bear in mind that on that point are genuine stages which children progress through. Even if each childs development is not uniform, there may still be some similarities between them, which necessitates the importance of consulting veritable theoretical models of development.Principle 2- Children become strong and independent through positive relationshipsThis prin ciple seems to be slightly paradoxical in nature. Piaget (1952) articulates the importance of children be active and independent whereas Vygotsky (1977) feels that guided participation (from an adult or proletarian) is all-important(a) in fostering a childs development. The EYFS framework arguably combines these theoretical notions, recognising that children should have be independent and be up to(p) to explore, whilst being able to have a positive relationship with their break person, the adult who is most involved in their care (DfE, 2014). The framework elaborates that it is the happen upons person role to ensure that the child becomes settled into the environment, becomes comfortable in the setting and also to build a productive relationship with the parents. Whilst these are undoubtedly important, Bandura (1977) offers an extra dimension of the mark actors role, which is that they shag model and dis victimize the desirable behaviours which the children they look afte r can copy and imitate, a phenomenon which Bandura feels is particularly powerful in influencing a childs development. brunette and Page (2008) emphasise the importance of the key person, in that they should exude warmth, friendliness and possess excellent interpersonal and communication skills which will enable them to develop a rapport with the child and be able to conduce to their development successfully. A supposition could be made that more than of the key attributes that a key person should possess are analogous to that of a teacher in mainstream education.Nutbrown and Page (2008) also cover of the importance of the key worker handling the transition for young children from being attached to their parents before progressing to being looked after in the childrens centre. This is something which has been cover many times in empirical theories which surround childrens development. Bowlby (1951), an in high spirits psychoanalyst, put forward the theory of trammel, where he stated that infants form an fastener to a primary caregiver (known as monotropy), typically with the mother, in the beginning(a) few years of their life and should receive continuous care from this attachment figure for the first two years of their life. This seems to align well with coetaneous practice, with the majority of children going to nursery when they are nearly three years old (Gov.uk, 2014). Bowlby (1953) conceptualised the absence of such care as maternal deprivation, positing that this could have many ramifications for the child such as delinquency, apathy, reduced intelligence and depression. However, a criticism of Bowlbys attachment theory is that he did not distinguish the influence of other stakeholders in the childs care, such as the father, key worker or extended family members. Elfer et al. (2003) concentrate specifically on the relationship between carers and the child, advocating that they should exude warmth and friendliness and not jump away from fo rming a strong bond with the infant for fear of mistake it, as flat a baby is able to discern between their parents and their carers.The literature expressed above seems to evidence the importance of the key worker in meeting the childs needs, something which the EYFS framework also gives credence too. Key workers are influential in economic aiding children to gain some stability in the setting and become comfortable there and allowing them to lucubrate and prosper. If they form a levelheaded relationship with the child this can dish them to achieve their early nurture goals, particularly in how they communicate with others and explore the world roughly them (DfE, 2013b).Sylva et al. (2004) articulated the importance of the key worker being on good terms with the parent in their supreme EPPE study, which asserted that each child should be assigned a key worker. Essentially, if the key worker has a good relationship with the parent this may allow children to form a better re lationship with the key worker and have all of their needs fulfilled, it could also boost the engagement of certain groups of parents such as teen mums, something which my placement noted the importance of. DfE (2013a) also highlight the importance of key workers being suitably trained and better so they can provide a good service to the children under their care. This was again apparent in the childrens centre which I visited, where the early years teachers had to be educated at least up to a Level 3 standard. In essence, children need to build positive relationships with those around them to become independent, and the key worker is at the centre of this.Principle 3- Children learn and develop well in enabling environmentsPiaget (1952) conjectured that babies are naturally searching and want to explore the world around them and become active participants in spite of appearance it. thitherfore it seems leave that there should be an environment which stimulates them to do that, intellectually, socially and building their autonomy and independence. Such environments are deemed to be enabling with the key worker again at the centre of cultivating and propagating such an environment, which could be probablely similar to the environment to the child is exposed to at home, to ensure great consistency and continuity (DfE, 2014).However, structuring the environment in such a way may allow children to learn about concepts which will be of use to them in their development as an adult. The childrens centre where I was position at were proponents of heuristic learning in getting the children to problem-solve and explore activities, with the emphasis being on play and reward, with items like treasure baskets used instead frequently (See Appendix A). Outdoor and interior learning in the EYFs seems to be equally important, something which the establishment recognises and gives credence to in the EYFS framework, making it mandatory that child care providers give a ccess to an outdoor environment which is safe and has plenty of opportunities for play (DfE, 2014). Garrick et al. (2010) extend this, articulating that the environment of an EYFS setting should have abundant opportunities for play, including allowing children to indulge in creative pursuits (something their study valued highly), physical opportunities (like sports and outdoor play areas) and arrive at play. If a centre did include such an extensive range of opportunities, this could allow them to cater for a larger spectrum of learners as it is widely acknowledged that pupils thrive and learn in a troops of different ways (Gardner, 2004). Furthermore, the potential for progression in the children could be enhanced if they were encourage to develop a growth mindset by staff and engage in activities that they would not do normally, so they can become more familiar with change undertakings and not be reticent to challenges in their future life (Dweck, 2006).The indoor environme nt is imperative also to facilitating childrens development. As previously mentioned, there should be ample opportunities for children to engage in a wide smorgasbord of activities to stimulate them in different ways. A multi-sensory approach can contribute significantly to the development of children and really aid them in reaching a higher level of maturity and cognition, as they interact with the world around them in different ways and become more flexible and adaptable. make (2012) infers that such an approach could have positive longitudinal consequences for the child, including improved schoolman attainment and retention of knowledge, which seems to be a sound rule for such an approach. Whilst it seems inhering that the indoor environment should be stimulating cognitively, it may be wise not to neglect the emotional aspect of it. Again, the key worker is at the centre of providing the warmth needed in an enabling environment. Nutbrown and Page (2008) assert that they sho uld show warm responses to the children under their care and fight back well to them.In essence, an enabling environment is made up of the components of desirable and stimulating indoor and outdoor areas, which the key worker is central in maintaining and facilitating.Principle 4- Children develop and learn in different ways and ratesThe final principle espoused by the EYFS framework is perhaps more concerned with the cognition of children, although it does refer to their social and emotional development in part. Nevertheless, Katz (1988, as cited in Carr, 2001, p.21) hypothesises that each child has a certain disposition, something which is transparent from learning it is concerned more with how they react to certain situations and the habits they adopt and put out out on a regular basis. In a posterior document, Katz (1993) elaborates that dispositions in young children are normally learned from those around or the environment they are raised in or looked after, which seems to resonate with Banduras (1977) theory of modelling mentioned earlier in the assignment. Katz (1993) also articulates that dispositions are strengthened when they are acknowledged and efforts are made to continue them (particularly if they are good habits), which seems to emphasise the importance of treating the child as an individual.It seems evident that all children learn and develop in different ways, as evidenced by the tilt above. However, a conjecture could be made that there may be certain strategies which a practitioner or worker can go through which will result in children developing into sensible and mature adults. sensation way in which to do this is to cultivate a childs resilience in their ability to pick out a task or try a new activity. Children may give up if they savvy the task to be beyond their capabilities and not extend themselves to complete this. This could be a natural response from the child (particularly if the task is incommensurate with their ski llset) or it could be something that they have learned over time. Dweck (1975 673) terms this as learned helplessness, where a child habitually gives up in the portray of a contend task or adversity, possibly because of a overlook of response from the adult in encouraging the child to complete the task and persevere.Combining the sentiments expressed by Katz and the argument above, could be essential in helping children to progress sequesterly, particularly when faced with unfamiliar situations and tasks. Siraj- Blatchford et al. (2002) concluded in their Researching telling Pedagogy in the Early Years (REPEY) study that share sustained thinking was crucial in helping a child to tackle new problems and persist. This is defined as two or more individuals (with at least one adult facilitator) working together to complete a task, although the authors stress that each person should be actively lend to the task, and that there must be a progression towards an eventual solution, ev en if that is reached straight away. This coincides with Vygotskys (1977) theory of cognitive development, which posits that a child will enhance their zone of proximal development (the difference between what they can do on their own and with help) if they are supported by a more knowledgeable other such as an adult or more capable peer. Both arguments suggest that collaboration between adults and children is essential to further the childs development, although again the manner in which this is through with(p) should be unique to the child by using questioning which is appropriate to the childs level of cognitive development (Bloom et al., 1956).ConclusionThe rationale which underpins the EYFS framework is the need to treat the child as a unique individual and consider their needs at length, in a cognitive, emotional, social and physical sense to facilitate optimum development in them. There are several ways to ensure this, including that the environment is stimulating and appro priate enough for the childs needs, that they have access to a multitude of activities, that the key worker has a warm and fulfilling relationship with the child and that they encouraged to develop a growth mind set and persevere with challenging tasks with the facilitation of another adult. Arguably, if a childcare provider follows all of the actions above and adheres to the EYFS framework, then this should allow for children to progress to the desired level of development and maturity.ReferencesBandura, A. (1977) Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall.Bloom, B. S., Engelhart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H. and Krathwohl, D. R. (1956) Taxonomy of educational objectives The classification of educational goals. Handbook I Cognitive domain. recent York David McKay Company.Bowlby, J. (1951) Maternal Care and Mental wellness. World Health Organization Monograph.Bowlby, J. (1953) Child Care and the Growth of Love. capital of the United Kingdom Penguin Books.Bruner, J. S. (1961) The act of denudation. Harvard developmental Review, 31 (1) 2132.Carr, M. (2001) Assessment in Early childhood Settings. London SAGE.Department for Family, facts of life and Skills (2004) Every Child Matters. Online. visible(prenominal) at http//webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130401151715/https//www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationdetail/page1/dfes/1081/2004 (Accessed 24 November 2014).Department for Education (2010) Social and emotional aspects of learning (SEAL) programme in secondary schools national evaluation. Online. Available at https//www.gov.uk/government/publications/social-and-emotional-aspects-of-learning-seal-programme-in-secondary-schools-national-evaluation (Accessed 24 November 2014).Department for Education (2013a) Improving the quality and range of education and childcare from birth to 5 years. Online. Available at https//www.gov.uk/government/policies/improving-the-quality-and-range-of-education-and-childcare-from-birth-t o-5-years/supporting-pages/early-years-foundation-stage (Accessed 24 November 2014).Department for Education (2013b) Early years outcomes A non-statutory guide for practitioners and inspectors to help inform understanding of child development through the early years. Online. Available at https//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/237249/Early_Years_Outcomes.pdf (Accessed 24 November 2014).Department for Education (2014) Early years foundation stage framework. Online. Available at https//www.gov.uk/government/publications/early-years-foundation-stage-framework2 (Accessed 24 November 2014).Dweck, C.S. (1975) The role of expectations and attributions in the alleviation of learned helplessness. daybook of Personality and Social Psychology, 31 674-685.Dweck, C. (2006) Mindset The New Psychology of Success. New York Ballantine Books.Elfer, P., Goldschmied, E. and Selleck, D. (2003) Key Persons in the Nursery Building relationships for quality provision. Lond on David Fulton.Garrick, R., Bath, C., Dunn, K., Maconochie, H., Willis, B. and ClaireWolstenholme (2010) Childrens experiences of the Early YearsFoundation Stage. DfE London.Gardner, H. (2004) Changing Minds The art and science of ever-changing our own and other peoples minds. Harvard Business School Press.Gov. UK (2014) quit early education and childcare. Online. Available at https//www.gov.uk/free-early-education (Accessed 24 November 2014).Katz, L.G. (1988) What Should Young Children Be Doing? American Educator The Professional Journal of the American Federation of Teachers 29-45.Katz, L. (1993) Dispositions Definitions and implications for early childhood practices. ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education.Nutbrown, C. and Page, J. (2008) Working with Babies and Children chthonic Three. London Sage.Piaget, J. (1952) The Origin of Intelligence in Children. New York International University Press, Inc.Siraj-Blatchford, I., Sylva, K., Muttock, S., Gilden, R . and Bell, D. (2002) Researching Effective Pedagogy in the Early Years (REPEY) DfES Research Report 365. HMSO London Queens Printer.Steel, N. (2012) Encyclopaedia of the Sciences of Learning. New York Springer.Sylva, K., Melhuish, E., Sammons, P., Siraj-Blatchford I. and Taggart, B. (2004)The Effective Provision of Pre-School Education (EPPE) Project Final report.London DfES and Institute of Education, University of London.Vygotsky, L. S. (1978) Mind in bon ton The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press

Fast food †Hamburger Essay

closely nutrition stand be defined as either aliment that contributes little or no nutrient value to the diet, but instead provides excess calories and gamey. Nowadays, there ar millions of closely food restaurants in the world that offers their costumers plenty of antithetic meals with a special price. profligate food can be a trustworthy way to save time ,but it is not the proper way for nutrition. Researchers show that consume truehearted food meals more than than twice a workweek was associated with double the risk of abnormal glucose metabolism. Also, those products cause a great put virtuoso across in weight and may cause some heart diseases.Burgers, French-fries, finespun drinks argon safe a few examples of junk food. Fast food refer to any poor nutrition food that is easily prepared. Fast food may includes chips, hot pies ,pasties, sandwiches, burgers, croissants, kebabs, pizzas, chicken, soups, and salads. It also includes drinks, for instance, milkshake s, and soft drinks. ORIGIN OF FAST-FOOD The disruptive in exuberant food is there for a reason. It is designed to make the customer as quickly as possible. In order to do this, stiff foods are highly processed with standardized ingredients, cooking and intersection methods.History Indian fast food The fast food perseverance in India has evolved with the changing lifestyles of the young Indian population. The sheer conversion of gastronomical preferences across the regions, hereditary or acquired, has brought about antithetical modules across the country. frequent formats of fast food business in India have the following features in common * Wide opening on the road side * well-heeled to importanttain and durable decor * A cash return where food coupons are sold * A food delivery counter which incessantly is granite topped.Additional counters for Ice Creams, Chaats, Beverages etcetera * A well fitted kitchen located so as to be visible to the customers * Tall tables, us ually of stainless steel, where one can eat while standing * A drinking peeing fountain adorned with a water filter * Rust-proof and non-breakable crockery nutriment courts An opposite concept of fast food that is becoming popular is that of provender Courts. It is like putting together a number of Darshinis serving different cuisines under one roof. Here also one has to purchase coupons and quest the food from one of the several counters.Each one of these counters serves specific variety of food and may be owned by different individuals or caterers. Food Courts are normally located on much larger premises and may provide seating facility in auxiliary to the stand and eat arrangement. Typically one entrepreneur owns or falls on lease the entire premises and promotes the place under one name. He then lets out individual counters to different independent operators to offer different menu. Internal competition is avoided by not allowing more than one counter to offer similar foo d.Several international fast food shackles like Kentucky Fried Chicken, McDonalds and Barista Coffee have their liberations in major(ip) cities. Cafe Coffee Day, again a brainchild of Bangalore based businessman, is the yet Indian chain which boasts of hundreds of outlets and is present across India. But then it is categorize more as a coffee shop than a fast food place. Varieties of food offered The kind of food they offer as of eon could be just anything and everything. Preference of the local population and the location of the outlet influence the menu more than anything else.Some of the popular dishes offered at Indian fast food outlets are (Most preferred in Mumbai city) 1 vada pav 2 dosa 3samosa 4 pav bhaji 5 chat pani puri, ragda pattice, bhel etc. 6 sandwich 7 pizza 8 burger & chips 9Frankie & rolls 10 hot dogs etc.. Disadvantages of Fast Food Although it is convenient, fast and tasty, the many disadvantages of fast food should discourage people from indulging in eating this type of fare on a regular basis. Unfortunately, marketers target the youngest of the population, enticing our next generation to eat unhealthy with dire consequences ahead of them.Fast food is a relatively new interference in our dietetic habits, having only been popular for about the past 60 years. Coinciding with the ascent popularity of the automobile, fast food restaurants are believed to have originated in California to take advantage of a growing population of mobile individuals. The preface of the persistence was a sound one, and a plethora of businesses offering a different assortment of foods served quickly and with few frills soon emerged across the coupled States.The main principle behind fast food is that the food is served fast, hence the name. have on the run has become a familiar and all in like manner convenient course in the busy lives of people in the United States. Whether the food is hamburgers, chicken, pizza, Mexican fare, fish or salads, there is generally something on the menu for each member of the family for a fraction of the cost of preparing it homemade. Added to these attributes is the circumstance that this food does indeed taste delicious.The disadvantages of fast food, however, greatly outnumber the comfort station, availableness and speed of the fare especially when the indulgence for the food occurs on a regular basis. Fat is probably the number one issue with fast food products. Considering the fact that the average human should have no more than 65 grams of fat each day, choosing a value meal at a fast food restaurant that includes a large hamburger, a large order of French fries and a beverage which combine contains at least 63 grams of fat is an obviously unhealthy preference for a meal.Unless each of the remaining two meals consumed that day were totally abstracted in fat, these numbers would soon add up to extra casteless pounds. Dont be fooled into thinking that a fish or chicken sandwich would be a be tter choice, tied(p) though these foods are touted as being healthy. Many of the fish and chicken offerings at a fast food restaurant have a high fat content than is found in a hamburger purchased at the same joint when breaded and fried. The calories consumed in a fast food meal are equally as damaging to our health.Unless our energy output is great than the calories we take in, our weight begins to edge up the scale. As excess fat accumulates on our frames, it begins to take a toll on our heart, blood drag and blood sugar. Most kids need only 2,000 calories per day, while adults require even less. Yet just one fast food hamburger can move up to 750 calories, not to mention the French fries which carry at least another 350 calories. More and more children are get their lives obese because of poor food choices and lack of exercise.Another disadvantage of fast food is the breakdown of family life. A family together in the kitchen, preparing dinner, is an opportunity to adhere and communicate. Eating on the run means less time spent around the dinner table, where the days experiences are shared with other members of the family. Fast food is certainly an occasional fun treat, and there are healthy menu choices. Sadly, too many people visit too often, with unwholesome results and bad habits setting the stage for health disasters for our young people. What is fast food and why is it so popular?Fast food is any food that is quick, convenient, and usually inexpensive. You can buy fast food just about anywhere that sells food and snacks. Vending machines, drive-thru restaurants, and 24 hour convenience stores are probably the most common places to find fast food. Its so popular because for under $5. 00 you can usually get a filling meal. However, fast food is inexpensive because it is usually made with cheaper ingredients such as high fat meat, refined grains, and added sugar and fats, instead of alimentary foods such as lean meats, fresh fruits, and vegetab les.

Cooper Pharmaceuticals Case Analysis Essay

On the surface, the issue of bob marshlands bagging from barrel maker Pharmaceuticals appears to be an open and shut case he did not adhere to the repeated warnings by solicitude to alter his performance and marketing style, in that locationfore he was fired. However, other considerations are in play when you conk out this case further. give chase was an employee of cooper for twelve years at the conviction of his release, and had seemingly cleansed his performance when prompted to do so. tag was also exceptionally well received by physicians, office receptionists, and hospital personnel, which is a racy attribute when macrocosm a detailer. His persistent downside, though, was his lack of make-up, planning, and add up-up, and a dip to question some of the corporations major promotion programs. The telephone exchange question to this case is, how could this happen to someone like Bob Marsh in a comp whatever like Copper? In my opinion, mend barrel maker Pharmaceu ticals was not entirely without fault, Bobs termination was originally the result of his own actions, or lack thereof. cooper Pharmaceuticals was a major manufacturer of prescription drugs for the medical and dental professions and had a reputation throughout the industry for having excellent management practices.The company fielded a gross gross sales compress of all over 500 detailers whose job was to persuade medical personnel to usage and prescribe Cooper Pharmaceuticals drugs. Initially, Bob fit the mold of what was desired by Cooper in prospective employees. He was rated highly in his sincerity, aggressiveness, attitude, enthusiasm, knowledge ability, judgment, character, affability, and appearance Bob seemed like the perfect fit. He was hired virtually a month after his initial interview and, much to his delight, was depute to a territory in his hometown, Toledo. From there, Bob was seemingly ready to keep abreast on his fostering and begin a long and prosperous career with Cooper. An legal sales training program is full of life to the success of a companys sales force. A training program should find a finite set of objectives increased sales productivity, lower turnover, higher team spirit and sense of purpose, im quizd communication, improved customer relations, and improved self-management. It is also classic that companies provide a method for systematically reinforcing their training programs.Otherwise, salespeople are unbeliev suitable to change their behavior. The training at Cooper Pharmaceuticals, in principle, should have worked sooner well. Employees,including Bob, showed signs of increased sales performance on a year-to-year basis, and in 1989 sales exceed $1 billion. Turnover was low for their industry, around 8%. Also, 60% of detailers had ten or more(prenominal) years with the company, and 25% had fewer than volt years. Each employee received a company car, generous benefits, and reimbursement for normal job expen ses. Bob, while maintaining the same position as detailer, went from a starting net profit of $35,000 in year one to a salary over $60,000 in his twelfth year. Bob received a months training in product characteristics and selling, or detailing, skills at Coopers headquarters. past from this training, both sassyfound and experienced detailers received regular training from the 35 regularise double-deckers. This reinforcement was done so to ensure that all detailers retained the level of expertise and professionalism requisite of a Cooper Pharmaceuticals detailer.From these facts, it becomes more apparent(a) that the necessary skills to be successful were properly trained, informed, and reinforced in Bob by Cooper. Even from his initial interview with Cooper, there was one blazing fault Bob possessed his seeming indifference to organization. His first regularize music director, John Meredith, felt that Bob gave little advanced thought to the physicians he hoped to see. Then , upon seeing the physicians, he had no definite plan or cash advance once in the physicians office. From the beginning of this class, we learned that pre-approach is vital to the selling process. In this stage, information is gathered about the prospect to hunt the specific needs they have. As noted in the beginning of the case, Bob had many references from physicians and medical personnel. I believe that these relationships caused Bob to become slothful in his pre-approach and approach, and at long last served as a crutch on which he began to rely.In addition to his lack of organization, Bob displayed more interest in growth his own promotional programs than in sideline the plans outlined at district meetings, and he would also second-guess promotions by deciding, on his own, which products to promote. This should have been a huge red flag for John Meredith. What would happen if a baseball game pseudo blatantly disregarded a sign and decided to dismiss when his coach told him not to swing? That player would find himself on the bench. If that player continually disobeyed his coachs instructions he would find himself aspect for a new team. In this instance, though, Bob was not benched. He was instead given a list of suggestions on how he could improve in certainareas, including* Should overcome the tendency to prejudge customers and promotion programs* Should be more responsive to management directives* Should give more attention to planning and organization As becomes evident as Bobs tenure at Cooper Pharmaceuticals continued, he failed to adopt this initial list of suggestions, yet his employment perpetuated.After John Meredith, there was Bill Couch, then Jim Rathburn, followed by Vince Reed, Antonia Wilkens, and ultimately Ted Franklin. Six supervisors in a twelve year span is a high number. Then, when you consider the fact that many of them were young, motivated, and driven, it becomes clearer why Bob was able to keep his job. His sales numbers we re constantly at quota, and there were no issues in terms of customer relations. By the time his deficiencies were noted, a new district manager was in already in place. It seems that Bob was conscious of this trend and used it to his advantage. So long as he gather his sales quotas and kept customers happy, all would be well. The case states that every Cooper Pharmaceutical detailer was evaluated in terms of both sales volume and gain in his or her relationships with customers.From this statement one could conclude that Bob should have retained his job. His sales volumes were constant yearly, sometimes increasing. He also, evident from the three-fold inquiries from current customers upon his termination, maintained wonderful working relationships with his customers. The evaluation process at Cooper Pharmaceuticals is what perpetuated Bobs employment with the company. While looking at just the sales numbers, Bob appeared to be a nifty employee. However, there are other factors to consider when evaluating employees. Most managers or supervisors would likely run that they wished their employees follow their instructions when prompted to do so. To ensure that a case homogeneous to Bobs does not become the norm at Cooper Pharmaceuticals there are three steps that management should take. One, they should maintain a better record keeping process of employment evaluations. It is possible that because this deterrent example occurred during the 1980s, record keeping was maintained on paper rather than computers.However, that does not excuse an employee who repeatedly makes the same mistakes to be retained. Two, there should be amore streamlined transition process for an outgoing district manager to pass on files/documentation to the new district manager. For example, Bob was rigid on probation by Vince Reed that required him to improve performance to an bankable level within 90 days. However, upon Vince Reeds subsequent transfer, no one followed up on Bobs pe rformance. Bobs probationary status had evaporated. Three, they should enact a three-strike policy. One could receive a strike for failing to reach sales quotas, not following managements instructions, or falling customer relations. An employee would be fired following strike three. Doing this step would make the threat of termination a evident thought, employees would be fully aware that constant missteps and mess-ups will not be tolerated.The thought of Bob Marsh universe reinstated or there being any legal ramifications for Cooper Pharmaceuticals is laughable. Bob was given the chance to improve his faults on multiple occasions, yet he failed to do so for any extended period of time. He took advantage of the fact that each new district manager gave him the chance to improve. Then, his performance would slip little by little, but by this time a new district manager would be in place and the process would repeat itself. Not until Ted Franklin took over did the process change cour se. Ted looked over all of Bobs preceding(prenominal) deficiencies and realized that his record was not good and Bob would have to follow an outline given to him and complete weekly reading assignments. Not lone(prenominal) did Bob fail to follow this agreement, he accepted his subsequent termination with little resistance or comment. The fact that Bob would call Cooper Pharmaceuticals and say he was treated unfairly is preposterous.He should be grateful for his twelve years of employment at the company and that none of his preceding district managers were as competent or paid as fast attention to detail as Ted Franklin. Yes, Bob appears to have maintained great relationships with his customers, and as we learned in class 80% of sales tends to come from 20% of the customers. So it is, realistically, a possibility that some business would be lost from the decision to terminate Bob. However, a company with the reputation of Cooper Pharmaceuticals should not keep an employee simply because a few clients from one sales region want him to be retained.Certain offers, such as incentives or promotions could be provided to these customers in attempt to ensure their repeated business and prove that not just Bob can provide great utility and keep them happy customers. In addition, CooperPharmaceuticals should, while not being defamatory or slanderous, fully outline the faults Bob possessed as an employee and effectively relay these as the reasons of his termination to Bobs accounts. So, to reply this cases central question, this termination happened to Bob Marsh because of Bob Marsh.

Shunned

AP English Letter to the Editor Speak when you argon angry- and you will make the best speech youll ever regret. - Laurence J. Peter. Words ar powerful tools that can build up, tear down, discourage, encourage, train life, or bring termination (Assonated). Words generate always been impact, but in the brook 30 years the way words can affect multitude have increased dramatically in scope. With the widespread use of booth phvirtuosos and the advent of social media, words and ideas travel in the blink of an eye, careless(predicate) of the content.Sadly, m whatever people find themselves regretting the words that were spoken over the web, over the phone or in open air such is the pillow slip of Archie incognito. incognito is an offensive lineman on the Miami Dolphins who is praised by many as radically talented. Although his athletic talent is impressive, it does not overshadow his anger issues. through emerge his career as a football player, the inability to control emotion s has been his downfall, which has contributed to one of the biggest scandals in National Football League history.The organization that has defined American sports, that attracts millions of viewers from all walks of life and provides common ground for all people, is experiencing a dishonor that brings into question everything the NFG stands for. (Periodic Sentence) As previously stated, concealed has long had issues manipulation anger on and off the field, but in a new-fashioned turn of events his private issues have spilled into the public eye (Antithesis).Allegedly, Incognito ca apply Jonathan Martin, a team upmate and fellow offensive lineman, to quit playing football because of Incognitos uninterrupted bullying and distressing behavior. The harassment involved sending being and racially charged messages, making threats against Martins family and even Martin himself. Jason La Conform of CBS Sports reported that Incognitos unrelenting harassment caused Martin to come to t he point of fearing for his safety, and that leaving the team was his only option.At this while Incognito is suspended from play indefinitely and his fate with the Miami Dolphins remains to be seen. Incognitos behavior is obviously insensitive, selfish, and extremely offensive, but does it warrant rejection and scrutiny that Archie Incognito is now receiving? Absolutely. The language that Incognito used goes above and beyond the adjustment level for the vast majority of individuals. Not only did he threaten Martin, but also his family, which reaches a different level of offense.When bullying forces a grown man to leave his Job as a victor football player, something must be done. On top of the series of events involving Martin, at that place is evidence that this guinea pig of behavior is not new to Incognito. His previous transgressions implicate a sexual harassment charge, three counts of assault, multiple cases of serious violations of team rules room high school to college to pro football, and to top if off was voted the Dirtiest pretender in the NFG in 2009. Clearly, it was only a matter of time in advance something as shocking as this most recent event came scintillant to the surface.This type of behavior should not be acceptable in any way, shape, fashion or form, and should be punished. By shunning Incognito, he whitethorn learn to control his words and executes more carefully and therefore may save more people from his scathing tongue and callous behavior. alone couldnt this Just be a case of overreaction, Just some double-dyed(a) locker room talk hat found its way out into the open? Incognitos defense of himself was that that was just how the two men talked. While down-to-earth and offensive to a 3rd party observer, could it have Just been normalcy for the two men?While this argument has some merit it is remove on several points. Firstly, Jonathan Martin DID leave the team, naming the reason for his departure as the intense invective le veled against him. It is hard to believe that he did not certify any signs of sadness or speak up for himself before leaving. Would that have stopped Incognito? Given his previous record, most likely to. Secondly, death threats go beyond friendly razzing but step into the landed estate of seriousness, especially when family members are threatened.Lastly, Incognito knew that Martin had thinner skin than the guys he was used to dealing with. According to Fort Lauderdale newspaper the Sun-sentinel, the Dolphins coach had commissioned Incognito to toughen Martin up Incognito apparently attempted this by utilise tirades of abusive speech. Martin needful a brother, he needed support, he needed genuine motivation. (Anaphora) But what he received only pushed him further to the coast of oppression, paralyzing fear and self-pity.In this case the ends did not Justify the means the wrong action was taken and should be dealt with in the public eye. In the end, it is obvious that Incognito w as in the wrong and should be dealt with according to the degree of his offense. We should not offer him to call darkness light, and light darkness, or to call evil secure and good evil (Intolerable) but hold him accountable for the malicious actions he took towards an undeserving human being. But the want of Justice should not foreclose Incognito from sincerely apologizing and running from his old ways of malice and negative words.Everybody has things that are regrettable in their past and would not wish to be denied favor if it was brought to the public eye. So although Incognito demonstrated unacceptable behavior, he should always be allowed the opportunity to ask for forgiveness forgiveness for things said, forgiveness for things done and forgiveness for such blatant insensitivity (Indianapolis). Hopefully this type of punishment will ward off any future disturbing cases of harassment and make people think twice about inflicting extreme emotional damage on people.

Born This Way

Okonkwo was a hero in Ibo company, initially, because of his devotion to usance and religion. He was a hero, also, because of his unbreakable resolve, his ambition to be great, and his securely work ethic. Okonkwos fall from hero status is a microcosm of the Ibo societys lost of determine which made it an esteemed society. twain Okonkwo and the Ibo society itself abandoned their traditions, religious beliefs, and lost their built in beds of strength. Okonkwo was a hero in the Ibo society because he was devoted to tradition, religion, and the rules.Okonkwo stood firm against the religious and political orders that the Europeans brought to Umofia. scour though Okonkwo said that he was doing what was best for his society, he also was horrible of the agitate to a unused culture and a new tradition that would change his high stature in the society, an abominable religion has colonized among you. A man can now leave his bring and his brothers. He can curse gods of his fathers an d his ancestors, like a hunters pursue that suddenly goes mad and turns on his master. I timidity for you I fear for you the association (Achebe 124).This was problematic for Okonkwo because his sense of his own worth was dependent upon how the society judged him. Okonkwo was a hero because of his unbreakable resolve, his ambition to be great and his hard work ethic, he had a slight stammer and whenever he was angry and could non get his words pop quickly enough, he would use his fists had no patience with unsuccessful work force. (Achebe 5). Okonkwos behavior was the result of having a father who was poor, soft, and did non claim any title in his life time.Okonkwo struggled non to become a weak and lazy man like his father. He believed that he had to be strong, hard working, and become well respected by his village but, he was afraid of failure. Okonkwo took on opposite beliefs such as being wealthy, brave and anything else that would not make him look like an agabla, or fe minine. Okonkwos life began to fall apart after three incidents inaugural when he killed Ikemefuma, who was someone who lived with him and was like a son to him but he did it because he wanted to appear to be brave.Next, he was exiled from the clan for seven years. Okonkwo knew that he lost his standing in the Ibo society because of his exile. Okonkwos knowingness of his lost of stature in the Ibo society was conveyed by the narrator when he said, he had lost the chance to lead his warlike clan against the new religion, which, he was told, had gained ground. he had lost the years in which he might stimulate taken the highest titles in the land (Achebe 121). His ambitions of being rich and powerful became obsolete, because of his exile.His final examination hastiness was when Nwoye, his oldest and favorite son, converted to Christianity. This deeply depressed Okonkwo because he had not only high hopes for Nwoye, but he was his heir. Being robbed of a position of strength and not being able to resist change was the downfall of the Ibo culture. As soon as the white stack came to Umofia everything that the tribe had once stood for was slowly becoming obsolete, Now he has won out brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has cat a knife on the things that held us together and we choose travel apart (Achebe 125).Okonkwo felt betrayed by the sections of the tribe whom he had once seen as great warrior like men. Okonkwo believed that if he had not been exiled he would have prevented people from converting to Christianity. He was also disappointed in the behavior of his clan members. Okonkwo was deeply grieved. And it was not just a personal grief. He mourned for the clan, which he cut breaking up and falling apart and he mourned for the warlike men of Umuofia, who had unaccountably become soft like women (Achebe 129). The clan members that he knew and remembered would have driven out the white men long ago.Okonkwos feelings of discomposure of the new society that had taken over Umofia, lost of esteem, lost of heathenish identity, guilt and disappointment in his clan members led him to commit suicide. Okonkwo started out with everything he wanted, barns filled with yams, wives, children, being a warrior, and a well-respected, hardworking member of the society. He had a plan for his life but the plan pull down apart. He lost the traditions that he loved and cherished. He viewed the white missionaries as a threat to the way he wanted his life to be in his society.He was not flexible and did not want to change. disrespect his self assessment, Okonkwo actually does adhere to his values. The Ibo culture has changed but Okonkwo, while he was exiled (or maybe because he was exiled) does not take on the culture values of European society. He could have only become accepted in the changed culture if he, himself, had accepted the new culture, and changed himself. This change was not a change that Okonkwo wanted to evolve into. H e believed that he was born that way and could not and would not change his beliefs. He did it the way he wanted to and end his life.

Drug Synergism: Synergistic Interaction between Alcohol and other Drugs

Drug synergism is the phenomenon wherein the hearts of a do medicines is enhanced when interpreted with other substances. Synergy is defined as the state wherein the combined action of constituents is greater than the sum of its parts. The synergistic effect when do do drugsss are interpreted in combination is due to the fact that to each one constituent ( mingled with two different dugs or between a drug and another substance) contributes to the effect of the other in accordance with its own potency.Chemical reactions between the drug or drugs and other substances, and the chemicals inside the body, particularly in those of the liver, too exist. One substance that can enhance the effects of a drug more than it usually can is inebriantic beverageic beverage. The combination of alcohol and depressant drug could cause exaggerated respiratory depressiona disease characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigabilityperiods of amnesia or loss of memory while intoxicated.The enhanced effect of depressant drug when taken with alcohol could be explained with what happens inside the body. For example, when the depressant drug alprazolam is taken in concert with alcohol, the liver becomes occupied in metabolizing the alcohol such that the sedative-hypnotic drug is circulated through the body at full strength (Inaba, ). It must be noted that alcohol and certain drugs, especially depressant drugs, compete for the homogeneous liver enzymes that break down drugs and flush them from the body (Dye, 2007).At the same time, alcohol alike dissolves alprazolam more readily than stomach fluid does, allowing it to be absorbed more rapidly by the body (Inaba, ). As a result, alcohol and alprazolam, or any depressant drugs that can react to alcohol for that matter, can cause more problems when taken in combination than if they were taken at different times. Alcohol, therefore, contributes to the lethality of drug- victorious behavior by increasing the effects of drugs taken in tandem with alcohol..Drugs, especially those that can cause adverse effects, should be taken with care as the combination of one with another or other substances may enhance its effects. Alcohol, for one, can alter the bodys normal reaction to a specific drug, increasing its effects. It can also react with the drug such that its effects are enhanced. Needless to say, taking alcohol and drugs should be avoided.

Consumer Culture Is Central to Understanding Contemporary Identities Essay

As the title suggests, this es state is going to discuss, to what finale does consumer nuance affect contemporary identities. In todays participation consumer culture is e realwhere and we would probably not be satis detailory to get without it. It became such an of the essence(predicate) part of our lives that several(prenominal) throng nevertheless clear their carrier nigh it. Most businesses in modern societies, all around the world work as successfully as they do, simply because tidy sum became consumers and they buy their harvestings.This essay is first going to olfactory property at why this change of attitude occurred and how exactly it brought about consumer culture. This will lead us onto how exactly consumer culture works and how it affects consumers. To answer the question fully, we will to a fault look at the two view points on this matter. First we ar going to discuss arguments which support the view that consumer culture produces modern identities. Seco ndly, arguments financial support the view that consumer culture is far less important than in the breeding of unrivaleds identity operator.Before the question itself is addressed, close to background inescapably to be drawn about this issue. To be objective about this matter, it should be pointed out straight a counselling that consumer culture is not the key eyeshot affecting contemporary identities. There is one very simple account to why this is true. Humans have been around for a much monthlong period of time than consumer culture and were successfully developing their identities evening beforehand consumer culture came about. Therefore it is definitely true that in the past, at that place were new(prenominal) things creating our identities sufficiently enough.The definition of identity which Jodi Davis finds the most fitting is My identity is compulsive by a complex mix of things. The question however concentrates on contemporary identities. So is it possible th at consumer culture managed to take over the place of all the some otherwise aspects of the creation of identity in the past two hundred years? Some believe that the answer to that question is yes. In fact, Bauman argues that The roads to self-identity, to a place in society, to a life in a form recognisable as that of meaningful living, all require casual visits to the market place.Similarly, Featherstone states that criteria for the good life revolve around the desire to enlarge ones self, the quests for new tastes, and sensations, to explore more and more possibilities. (Featherstone, pg 67) Therefore many people would be happy to say that in todays society, consumer culture has an enormous effect on our identities. To some extent, this is true. Jagger even believes that we become what we consume. (Jagger, pg 45) To explain why this is true, the term blow signifiers needs to be explained.It refers to the fact that these days, all products and brands have a received meani ng/story behind them. People buy them because of these images they carry with them, quite an than the actual use of the product. This leads us to the use vs. exchange value question. It could be argued that this was one of the main changes which caused consumerism to expand so much. Basically Use vs. sub conflict refers to the fact that at a certain point, people stop buying goods for their use value and get movinged buying them for their exchange value.Material goods be used as communicators, not utilities. (Featherstone, pg 84) Today, consumerism has reached such level of success, that people no longer buy things because they need them, scarce because they like this image that products let them. Consumption, then, must not be understood as the consumption of use-values, a material utility but primarily as consumption of signs. (Featherstone, pg 85) This expressive style, the things we buy, create our identity, because people reckon us based on what the products we use say about us.In todays society of strangers, it is the plainly way to judge a person at the first sight. So for mannequin if someone was to drive a Ferrari, people would think of him as a successful individual. This assumption would be based on the fact that to be able to afford this kind of car, the individual must be very rich. Also the brand itself gives him the image of a young successful man. This shows that automatically, without even speaking to people or getting to know them, they already judge us based on our appearance.Obviously we all want to be liked and accepted by others so we try to fulfil their expectations of us. We drive to live up to (but not above) the standards attached to the social category into which we were natural. (Bauman, pg 27) These standards are also however determined by the media. Beauty ideals are set by TV, commercials and celebrities. They determine whats cool and what isnt. For example celebrities a great deal act as beauty idols, so many women strive to look like them.This inner need to ulfil societys expectation forces them to buy products which promise to make them look like a celebrity. Whoever does not at least attempt to fit in within these standards, or even worse, tries to do the opposite, might be stigmatised for it. For example over the past 80 years, it became very popular for women to shave their legs. It became so popular that nowadays, women who dont do it are usually highly stigmatised. This all roots in consumerism, because the initial reason why it became popular was to force people to flatten money on razors- which were until then unnecessary.Trying to fulfil these expectations creates our identity in a way. In most cases consumption of goods only affects our external identity but in some extreme cases it may even start to affect ones internal identity. For example certain brands depict certain groups of people. So if one was to shop at Gucci or Chanel, one is expected to act a certain way. These bran ds carry the image of a very traditional, well behaved and upper class individual. So anyone wearing Gucci or Chanel strives to live up to the standards of these brands.That way one is already is changing his deportment as well as his appearance, which is affecting not only his/hers external, but also internal identity. So really, when we think about it, the identity other people think we have, judging by our appearance, is very artificial and fake. This is because it is only created by the products we use, not by us ourselves. But then again, we take in which products to buy and it is us who decides how to look for other people so some(prenominal) we wear or look like, it is a bit personalized by our taste and other selects we make. Campbell brings up an interesting point in his book.He says that consumer culture develops our identity because since there is now such an enormous choice of products, it gives consumers opportunity to define their taste. They are able to decide wha t they like and what not. Also, since shop malls are so anonymous, clients arsehole try on anything they like, just to imagine how that role would fit them. This also helps them to find the image of themselves which they want to depict to other people. (Campbell, pg 159) However others believe that consumer culture is far less important than other factors in the development of ones identity.Jodi Davis divides identity into external and internal. External is cultural classifications (nationality, race, religion and gender) as well as societal characterizations (family, career, and position or title). Whereas internal is natural gifts, strengths, capabilities the intellectual, emotional, physical and spiritual characteristics that constitute our uniqueness and innate talents and abilities our basic orientation toward the world around us, our attainment styles, how we process and organize information, and other predisposed tendencies and characteristics. Davis, pg 7) As we can see, there are a lot of things which define a persons identity.And we were to look at them individually we would notice that we were actually already born(p) with most of the crucial aspects of our identity and therefore are not able to change them. Our appearance is one of the very few aspects of our identity, which one can alternate. Therefore if a person is not happy with his overall identity, one of the few ways in which he can change it is through with(predicate) consumerism. In fact consumerism and advertising often aim to make the client feel like this.As the ads intimidated that anything natural about the customer was worthless or deplorable, and tried to make him schizophrenically self conscious of that notion, they offered weapons by which people could eclipse themselves. (Ewen, pg 48) If a person dresses a certain way and uses certain products, he may be able to convince some people that he fits the standards set by media. As mentioned before, this is thanks to the fact tha t every product we buy tells people something about us. The image the product portrays might not be true, but just the fact that a person uses that product makes people believe it.Even though the sulphur part of this essay attempts to support the idea that there are other factors affecting contemporary identities more than consumer culture, we should not forget its importance. The fact that consumer culture helps us to change the only changeable part of our identity makes it, in my opinion, even more crucial. Consumer culture is actually very significant when it comes to spirit contemporary identities. It is its products, which create the image we try to portray to other people and that way fit into society.

John Locke Short Introduction Essay

John Locke, who is widely known as the don of Liberalism, is a great writer, philosopher and physician of the 17th century. He was innate(p) on 29 August 1632 and died on 28 October 1704 when he was 72. He was baptized on the same day as he was born. He was a gifted world and David Hume once set forth him as wrote like a water-drinking local councilor, his style ungainly, his idioms commercial, his imagination puritanical, his humor labored, his purposes wholly practical. As he is a talented thinker and uses different perspectives to see and think on certain things, he revolutionized the Theory of Mind to the world in his masterpiece, An see Concerning Human Understanding. On the other hand, he also positive the idea of liberty among people in society. His contri besidesions to the world atomic number 18 incredulous as his ideas of social contract and state of nature laid the abstractive foundation of the Constitutions of the United States of America.In Lockes livelihood, he came from a truly intelligent and faithful Baptist family that gave him a thoroughly education and took him to a good school Christ Church, Oxford. Though he studied medicine but not philosophy or other critical thinking courses, he met prominent people (e. g. Robert Boyle, Thomas Wills) who inspired him immensely in each perspective. One eminent scholar was Thomas Sydenham, who imposed a grand impact on the idea of how man accumulates acquaintance. Thanks to Sydenham, Locke wrote one of his notable works An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.Thomas Sydenham gave advice to Locke in treating Shaftesburys liver cancer. Locke realized in the file of Shaftesbury that knowledge in a book could be different from the circumstances Locke was facing. Hence, he raised the crucial question in his essay Is the foundation of knowledge based on theory or experience? This essay stimulated several cherubic ideas to philosophers in the 17th century. One of the famous philosophers who w ere greatly influenced by Locke was David Hume, who described John Locke as a magnificent man.After Shaftesbury survived from the liver cancer, he became Lord Chancellor and led Locke to be involved in the field of study of politics. In the political struggle of Shaftesbury, Locke assisted him by writing another(prenominal) famous work Two Treatises of Government. It is believed that the ideas mentioned in the essay were influenced by Hobbes thinking, but Locke never referred or mentioned the name of Hobbes. Locke countered the statements raised by Hobbes in the book of Leviathan that everyone is living in terror and war of every man against every man.Locke raised a counter statement that everyone is created evenly and everyone in society has rights to fight for their life, freedom and property. To accomplish it, we shall hold together and grant greater power to protect ourselves. This also explains how civilization works. The buffer purpose of this piece is an argument to atta ck Shaftesburys opponents (supporters of Absolute Monarchy). However, the ideas of natural rights and a new reformation of government mentioned inside the essay ar recognized as the about influential ideas on the political scheme in the 17th century.The bum of liberty was widely used by the founding fathers of the United States of America to write the American Declaration of liberty and the Constitutions. The influences of John Locke did not just stop in the 17th century. They restrained last today. Every time we hear about liberty and freedom, the basis of these concepts had been defined by Locke clearly. Besides, the issue of free religion which is still discussed straight off was also originated by Locke. The theory of religious tolerance was one of the most controversial ideas during Lockes lifetime.In this perspective, some historians even regarded the European war as the war between religions. In some statements made by Locke, he argued human knowledge was by chance false unless there was decisive proof. By the same token, he considered that religion, which did not have clear proof, was possibly false. Because of this, religious tolerance was necessary. Religious tolerance is still being debated at present and it has greatly changed the outlook of modern society after this idea was promulgated. Lockes life was a legend.He was born in a Baptist family and his writings are full of elements related to Christianity. From the statement of All men are created equally, it clearly shows Lockes belief in the perspective of equality. Besides, he was also greatly influenced by the idea of knowledge. He questioned the fundamental of knowledge and questioned whether knowledge is true as always. I believe he wrote such(prenominal) ideas because of his experience in the treatment of Shaftesburys cancer that led him to arise questioning that the things he had learned from the medical books were not really practical.Instead, to him, they were a lot more pr oper to be described as imaginary notions. From this perspective, he was inspired to write the essay concerning human understanding. Besides, Locke also influenced the world and created waves of rotatory ideas in many fields. The great philosophers Voltaire and Rousseau were deeply inspired by Lockes theories. Ultimately, Locke Father of Liberalism was not simply a gifted person born to be the father of liberalism, but also because of circumstances, situations which he encountered in his life to make him the father of liberalism.

Gay Macho: The Life and Death of the Homosexual Clone

I n the sence, comical Macho captures a mowork forcet in time, an riotous period when gay hands had thrown off the opprobrium of brotherly stigma as failed men and widely, ecstatically, and somewhat recklessly articulated a parvenue kind of gay maleness. No to a greater extent were gay men the pitful effeminates that Magnus Hirschfeld has called them, the inverts, men trapped in wo hu universe beings bodies. Gay men were real men , and their sense of themselves as gay was shaped by the same forces by which the experience themselves as men traditional maleness. Pg. 1 Gay Macho, Martin P Levine- Raining Men, The Sociology of Gay Masculinity The satisfying world has told us that if we are not masculine we are homo agitateual, that to be homo knowledgeable promoter not to be masculine One of the things we must(prenominal) do is refine ourselves as homosexuals. Tony Diaman (1970) Pg. 10 Gay Macho, Martin P Levine- The clon as a man All men in American culture, regardless of t he future sexual orientation, learn the male sex fibre and sexual script, mainly because or culture lacks a anticipatory acculturation for adult homosexuality.Regarding same- sex love as a loathsome aberration, the agents of socialising prepare all youths for heterosexual masculinity Dank (1971) Pg. 11 clique a sortal way of life entailing the take awayion of maidenlike dress, speech, and demeanor. Pg. 21 Gay Macho, Martin P Levine- The Birth of Gay Macho Gay activists formulated radically different sees of the postcloset homosexual (Marotta 1981, chaps. 5-6). Some gay liberationists viewed this man as a politicized hippie who eschewed traditional manliness, conventional aspirations, and established institutions.He avoided the quick sex associated with the sexual market dwelling house and formed instead lasting relationships. And he wore gender fuck attire that mixed masculine and feminine (beards and dresses). (Marotta 1981, 144. ) Pg. 28 The image heralded the mascul inization of gay culture. Gay men now regarded themselves as masculine. The adopted manly attire and demeanor as a means of expressing their new sense of self. They also adopted this look to enhance their physiological attr participatingness and express improved self-esteem. Pg. 28 Since American culture devaluate male effeminacy, they adopted manly demeanor and attire as a means of expressing a more valued identity. Pg. 28 -My question is, is what strives a man? How many times when you think of the nous of a man do you not get caught up my the idea that has been put in front of you because of the culture that we wait in. As young boys are granted a dress code, G-I Joes and swords, and taught to be knights, doctors, and heros. What happens when one peasant doesnt follow those rules, do we call him a rebel, weird, do we make up an excuse for his behavior, call him queer?The idea of a man is in us all man or woman and the expectations to live up to the idea sometimes are not as tripping for some. -BUT YOU JUST WANT TO FIT IN -IS ONE SEX retentiveness BACK? J. Craik, 1994, The Face of Fashion London Routledge pp 176-203 Fashioning Masculinity polished for comfort or style fashionless men Mens bodies reserve never simply stood for sex consequently, their clothes never build either. Pitty the misfortunate man who wants to look attractive and well dressed, yet who feel that by doing so he runs the risk of looking unmanly. (Steele 1989b 61) Pg. 177 Mens style has been calculated to enhance their active roles (especially occupation and social status). Pg. 177 The post -1960s reassertion of male fashion and male bodies. Pg. 178 Male fashion has been confined to specific groups and subcultures, such as gentlemen, gays, popular entertainers, ethnic groups, and popular subcultural groups (Almond 1988consgrove 1989 Kohn 1989 D. Lloyd 1988). Pg. 179 Perversely, normatively homophobic sportsmen nominate engages in blatantly homoerotic activities (tou ching, embracing, kissing, cuddling) which elsewhere they would denounce.In other words, sports slang been the privileged space of the legitimate gaze of male upon male (Miller 1990, pg. 82). reveal of the sporting arena, however, the men have continued to eschew signs of masculinity and sexuality. thus far as clothes articulate masculinity, they display attri preciselyes of strength and power sooner then male sexual desire and homoeroticism. Pg. 192 Not only have men been reluctant to wear clothes the exude sexuality further they have also been loathe to indulge in other behavior associated with sexual display, including shopping (Pumphrey 1989 97). Pg. 192 Scheuring (1989) has explained the way in which the humble pair of jeans was modify from practical, rural and blue collar work-clothes into a fashion equip synonymous with youth. Pg. 194 The break came in the early 1950s when middleclass, white tremble singers and film stars (such as Elvis Presely, Eddie Cochran, Gen e Vincent, Marlon Brando and James Dean) adopted the Levi Strauss 501 style (with button flies) and black leather jackets to convey a tough, rugged, youth-rebel appearance (Ibid. 227). Pg. 194 The new man is a contradictory composite one who is becoming more self-conscious of what it is to be a man, and one who sees with the farce of masculinity and all the entrappings that accompany it (Gentle 1988 98). Pg. 197 Male models, too, make eye contact with the viewer, adopt sultry expressions, display their best masculine features, and allow their bodies to be cut by the camera. Garber has shown that dress code have established the boundries of self through rules concerning status and gender, and the anxieties associated with them (Garber 1992 32). Pg. 203 Changing conventions of mens fashion have entailed re-worked attributes of masculinity that have transformed male bodies into objects of gaze, of display and decoration. This radically undercuts the Victorian and post-Victorian idea of masculinity as the display of restraint in a make grow body. Finkelstein (1991 134) Pg. 203 At the more extreme end of high fashion, Gaultier has, fro example, used feminine fabrics like lace and silk, sexualized leather garments, and experimented with mens skirts (Gentle 1988 99). Pg. 200 Gaultiers collections have created controversy because they question and undermine definition of masculinity by creating clothes that are effeminate. (Tredre 1992a 8). Pg. 200 A. Bennett, Fashion, 2005, culture and everyday Life, London, sensible pp95-116 Fashion and Masculinity- Mens appearance has been calculated to enhance their active roles (Ibid 176). Fashion and ethnic identity- Fashion also plays significant role in the articulation of ethnic identity in contemporary everyday settings.As back notes, ethnic identity, as with other forms of social identity, can no longer be regarded as real or essential but is rather a multi-faceted phenomenon which may vary through time and place ( 1993 128). Pg. 113 * most of the time people with other ideas for the norm are not liked by others. * Masculinity stereo graphic symbols * Stereotype a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing the stereotype of the woman as the carer sexual and racial stereotypes.

Book Journal: The Black Jacobins

The book The inglorious Jacobins is a pen swop of Mr. C. L. R. crowd. James has scrutinized here an event happened in 1791 which brought out the Revolution of Haitian. The reasons that caused this gyration to take place are the main concerns of his account. He has analyzed the points of get along with where economic and class differences overpowered the racial differences. Gradually picturing the whole scenario, he has carefully plotted his findings comparing the French and Haitian revolutions.He has matched his findings on either event with the French and Haitian revolutions. French camp was San Domingo and all the buckle down trade used to happen here only to cater the French government. All the efforts that France was making against USA, UK, and the communal divisions that existed within her had put a popular influence over the stepping forward of the San Domingo revolt. Writer percepts the class difference had overpowered racial difference.The French revolution is one of the major causes of Haitian revolution as far as the influence is concerned. Other causes include the events like insurgency of the working class natives, and Bastille event. The above-discussed causes affected the slaves very much. Another hub of attention is the lead of Toussaint LOuverture. LOuvertures life has also been analyzed by James. It has been suggested for this forefront facing revolting head that he had organized people, incorporated the rebellious forces, and also headed some fundamental wars.He fought from the forefront and after he was caught, his army generals became his predecessors. He had been a terrible idol and his character has close to been vague in the writings of different authors. The work of C. L. R James is depicting a great and influential description of the struggles and events occurred at that judgment of conviction and author has almost idealized the leadership qualities of that time (James, 1989). Works Cited James, C. (1989). The Black Jacobins Toussaint LOuverture and the San Domingo Revolution . Vintage.

Jane Austen: Emma

I am going to take a heroine whom no hotshot however myself will very much likeHow does this foot n integrity by Jane Austen fit with your reading of her presentation of Emma?Today, we can interpret this mark as the recognition of a problem that was to be successfully overcome, kinda of looking at it as an accurate send forion. Readers like the authors niece, Fanny Knight, who could non bear Emma herself have been in the minority. Most commentaryators, myself included, have liked Emma Woodhouse and the bracing that bears her name. It is an intricate, complex and perfectly achieved work that takes an appargonntly trivial matter 3 or 4 Families in a Country Village, in Austens famous phrase and forms it captivating, involved and rich with mean.During this essay I stand for to outline what Jane Austen means by heroine, and explain how Emma fits this title. I shall explore wherefore Austen feels her role will not be liked, and yet what defies these intentions and regard less encourages the more often than not felt affection towards Emma. Jane Austen nurtures many issues during her novel, I need to examine them, and go down on their relevance to the characters position.Jane Austens use of heroine in her comment outlines who the chief character of the story is, in this bear we immediately discover its Emma Woodhouse. The book is the right way named Emma, as the whole thing is Emma. thither is only one pitiful scene where Emma herself is not on stage and that one scene is Knightleys conference about her with Mrs Weston, proving she has a very dominant role. As readers we would usually extend the heroine of the story to be the most courageous, clever or perhaps stock-still the most blasphemous. They usually have an attri ande that sets them a pause from everyone else. In this book though, Emma is mainly a look-alike of fun. We see the gradual humiliation of self-conceit by means of a long succession of disasters serious in effect, but scri pted comically throughout. The disasters occur through Emmas absurdities, her snobberies, her intrinsic honesty and her mis say mischievous conduct. The reader feels affection for the character not because of her charms, but in defiance of her defects as she develops this rogue image. Her features allow her to take rank not with the sympathetic heroines, but as the culminating figure of English high comedy.The word heroine can also be used to describe someone much admired for their boldry. In my view, this ironically can also be applied to interpret Jane Austens comment, and even Emma herself. maybe she doesnt demonstrate bravery of a courageous frame of referenceat, but she does show brave recognition of her faults, which could be employed to give her the title of a heroine in her own way.Jane Austen creates a wonderfully flawed heroine. Had Emma been perfect, her situation would have been of no interest to anyone her flaws are what interest both reader and critic. The basic mo tility of Emma is from delusion to self-recognition, from illusion to veritableity. In the beginning she is loveable enough, but has much to learn.It takes supreme courage on Austens behalf to portray a girl, meant to win and carry on the readers fancy, with the characteristics frankly ascribed to Emma Woodhouse. During the time period of both Austen and Emma the world was a male-dominated place, to nerve the attention of the story on a woman was a chivalric move, but Jane Austen wanted to do something different. The narration roughs by telling us all about the privileged heroine, handsome rich and clever, personally prominent me the image of an insufferable young lady.We are allowed to know that she is pretty not formally, but casually, from the words of a partial friend Such an midpoint the rightful(a) hazel eye and so brilliant regular features, open countenance, with a complexion ah, what a bloom of full health and such a pretty height and size such a besotted and upright figure. But, before we are allowed to see her personal beauty, we are do to see some of the destined troubling qualities. In her wish to be useful she is patronizing and a little conceited her self-sufficiency proto(prenominal) appears along with the irony of her willingness to have a hand in the afterlife of others, despite having little knowledge or experience of her own to do it judiciously.Jane Austens ironic voice throughout the book provides humour and logical thinking. chaff is defined as an absurd contradiction or paradox, a form of humour where someone says the opposite of what is obviously true. The ironic actions of Emma Woodhouse show one of her faults, for example her matchmaking.It was foolish, it was wrong to take so active a part in bringing any two people together. It was adventuring too farthest, assuming too much, making light of what ought to be serious, a trick of what ought to be simple. She was quite concerned and ashamed, and resolved to do suc h things no more.There is a special element of irony in this statement. Even as Austen has Emma relinquish the strategies of matchmaking, Austen condemns her heroine to continue thinking social relationships over and over again, tell her misreading of familiar relations throughout the book. This is to emphasis the dislike we should be feeling towards Emma. Her complacent manner should evoke a feeling of frustration, instead, in my opinion, we see the funny office, predicting the outcome of Emmas actions, and knowing its destined to go disastrously wrong.Emmas exclusive attention to marriage spots of her own devising is consistent with her inability to enter into a relation of tintity with other women. Her obsession with place marriages distorts the relationship with her good friend Harriet Smith, and blinds her from other relational possibilities. The connection with Mrs Weston was neer based on equality, she is grateful to her governess/friend for her guidance and education , the relationship is miss in true parity.The great attraction of Harriet, beyond her blonde beauty and easily swayed temper, was that everything could be done for her. Emmas failure to bond with Jane Fairfax (her exact equal in age, abilities and sense) could also to a certain extent be imputable to her preoccupation with the marriage plot. Friendship between women is necessarily difficult in this period where the aim is to accomplish a conserve. Rivalry for a husband of authority and worthiness is visible. Mrs Eltons marriage puts her into competition with all other women in her society and gives her precedence even over Emma Woodhouse this makes her liable to judgementShe did not really like her. She would not be in a look sharp to find fault, but she suspected that there was no elegance ease, but not elegance. She was almost sure that for a young woman, a stranger, a bride, there was too much ease. Her person was rather good her looking not unpretty but neither feature, no r air, nor voice, nor manner, were elegant. Emma thought at least it would numeral out so.Emma values herself highly enough to make many judgements during the book, another(prenominal) flaw, as usually they are incorrect, and only get Emma into more difficulty. Her judgements are formed on the bases of social status and backhand gossip, instead of item-by-item qualities and personality. It emphasises her pretentiousness and a lack of scaning. The limitation and narrowness of the Highbury world shows the limitation of class society. The class divisions are apparent throughout, and highly relevant to the positioning and treatment one will receive. Different ranks are distinguished by degrees of prestige, and one is judged to be worthy or not from the possessions they own. A real example of Emmas incorrect and unjustified assessment of a person is of Robert Martin. Her stark naked remarks show qualities of vanity, ignorance and meannessHe is plain, undoubtedly remarkably plain but that is nothing compared with his entire want of gentility. I had no right to reside much but I had no idea that he could be so very clownish, so totally without air. I had imagined him, I confess, a degree or two nearer gentilityAs far as Emma is concerned the class is wrong for her young friend, nothing else of necessity to come into consideration, he is already not good enough. Her attitude is patronising, and should make us think poorly of her, but instead we tolerate her interfering, and roll in the hay the product of it. Her abusing of Miss Bates with her cruel remark reveals a different side to the Emma, undoubtedly a nastier side. Yet Emmas rudeness strangely expresses energy and excitement. The unpredicted outburst causes the reader to wake up and take note. We dont hate her for her comment instead we share her guilt, and secretly admire her for this more mischievous person.Emma Woodhouse indisputably casts a real attraction over most of her readers, but how and why ? The plot of the book has been described by some as uneventful and nothing profound. One critic stated, there is no story whatever, and the heroine is no better than other people but the characters are all so true to life, and the style so piquant, that it does not require the adventitious support of mystery and adventureDespite these comments, to look at Emmas strengths is firstly a way of understanding her desirability. She is a very loving character, exposed through her faithfulness and kindness towards her father, and the attention she gives to the poor. She has a love of children, which becomes clear with the intense adoration shown towards her nieces and nephews, qualities that only strengthen her appeal.Interestingly enough, Emma could also be seen as a role model for women readers. She stubbornly demonstrates a resistant figure to the woman stereotype of the time, unusually showing a more virile behaviour, or as we may see it, a more recent behaviour. Her squabbles and quick-witted retorts towards Mr Knightly show her intelligence, but also her unconcerned overture towards playing the typical 18th century womanMr Knightley I discontinue you to your own reactionsEmma Can you trust me with such flatters?Her constant strength and get-up-and-go are alluring, and bring energy to the book. Emmas an imaginist on fire with speculation and antepast, giving her a playful, fun appearance, another beneficial quality.Lastly, Emma is bright girl, meaning we dont question her intelligence when things go wrong, just her naivety. She was never deceived about her sexual feelings during the book, and never deceived herself into feeling emotions that werent there like Harriet seemed to. This emphasised her maturity, and made me, as the reader, value her actions and opinions more then, for example, Harriets.In the book Emma seems to get everything and everyone wrong, yet her photo is strangely attractive, and is one reason for my approval of her. The much irony di rected at her is setting her up to be judged, irony in itself, as she is usually the one doing the judging. What she often thinks of other people is commonly true for her, and therefore classes her on the same level as everyone else. She is the heroine of the book, and proves so with article of faith and success.However, to be a disliked heroine is mistaken. Because the book is told from her view constantly, allowing us to understand the character, and sympathise with her wrongdoings instead of judging her for them. Despite foreseeing when something is going to go wrong, we turn in it will all turn out okay in the end, and predict there can only be a happy conclusion. Her officiousness and capacity for deluding herself only bulk out the story to make it more exhilarating, while also making Emma a fully rounded character, one which most readers cannot deny, like very much indeed.

Freshman English Paper Oliver Sacks

English Wednesday April 4, 2012 Perspective Matters As children, we learn that at that place be five human smacks sight, sound, taste, smell, and call forth. Upon reflection and memory, I realize that sight is ever listed eldest in the list of senses. It may just be a reflex or a habit to do so, or possibly its just human nature to place high idiom on sight. Sight is taken for granted by most of us, and when we clangoring non-sighted individuals, we control an emotional and physical reaction that were relieved the non-sighted can non see.Reading Oliver Sacks flake To See and Not See, about a man named Virgil, gives me a new and interesting perspective on blindness. I have a wiz who is partially deaf. She and I communicate with ocular cues and our communication is helped by the fact that she can hear some sound and can con lips. In contrast, I can non say I have had an occasion to clear time with a non-sighted soul. While reading about Virgil, however, I felt that I w as given an opportunity to learn about the life of person who lives in a world of scarce four senses.Virgil was born with sight, he before long lost it at the age of 3 while ill, and at age 6 developed cataracts which blocked his vision and made him functionally blind. The life he lived was a modest oneness. He had a soused job and an individuation operator, was self-supporting, had friends, read Braille papers and books Life was limited barely stable in its way. (112) He accept his blindness as only when part of his existence Virgils life was imbued with passiveness. At the age of 47, Virgil became re-acquainted with an creator(a) girlfriend named Amy. Their relationship evolved into a committed one within 3 years.With Amys insistent encouragement, Virgil assented to have mathematical operation to remove one of the cataracts, contempt his familys misgivings over the fluster to his already stable life and identity as someone who is blind. There is a distillation of Virgils aver of creation as I see it, his life is not his own, some other people are making choices for him, and he is not asserting himself. Amy and his mother have strong opinions about if he should live with sight or without sight. Virgil himself sits, waiting for them to make a decision about his destiny.And so began Virgils passive pilgrimage into beholding again. Virgils situation is not different Gregs from Sacks reference The Last Hippie. While Virgil was about to regain his vision, Greg, by contrast, was losing his the result of a stealthy tumor slowly stealing his sight. tho Greg, like Virgil, initially had concerns when confronted by his differently sighted future. For Greg, he accepted the explanation of his swami about the loss of his vision being due to a deeper spirituality, an inner light. He was an illuminate, a great honor. 43) This explanation pacified him about his vision, as it also brought him to a deeper spirituality. Despite their concerns, both Gr eg and Virgil came to accept their destiny being written by other people in their lives. Amy brought Virgil to her ophthalmologist who reviewed his case and ascertained that the old diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa may not have been high-fidelity and he agreed to operate. Before the surgery, Virgil could still see light and dark, the steerage from which light came, and the shadow of a hand in front of his eye (108) Dr.Hamlin did the cataract removal on his right eye, inserted a new lens imbed and after(prenominal) the bandage came off, Virgil could see but only after hear the surgeon speak to him to attract his attention. The first thing that Virgil saw was not concrete or a firm image, but light, motions and colors. This was only a brief indication of the tangled web of sight that was ahead. Sacks states Everyone, Virgil included, expected something untold simpler. A man opens his eyes, light enters and falls on the retina he sees. though there had been a careful surgical di scussion of the operation and viable postsurgical complications, there was little discussion or preparation for the neurological and mental difficulties that Virgil might encounter. (115) While reading about Virgil, I have to induce reflect to a greater extent upon myself and the sense of sight. Very recently, I was diagnosed with early-onset glaucoma. I reliable this news from my doctor with heightened emotion and anxiety about what I would do if I lost my vision. I am lucky that my doctor direct did a procedure to stop the progression of the glaucoma and keep my vision at its current state.I try to put myself in Virgils place and have become more empathetic to him and his particular circumstance. I think of my friend who is partially deaf she says she wouldnt change it for eitherthing it is who she is. Is Virgil conflicted about his identity flat that he can see? When Dr. Sacks meets Virgil, Sacks is struck by the way he acted that Virgil was exhibiting behavior of someone who looks but does not grasp the full picture. He is mentally blind or the definition of agnosic the partial or get along inability to recognize objects or persons by use of the appropriate sense in Virgils case, the sense of sight.For example, he sees in pieces notices facial features, not a composed face. Virgil still continues to use the actions of a blind person for everyday living, having Amy, now his wife, to establish lines for him to walk from room to room in their house. He veritable(a) says he finds walking scary and confusing without touch, without his cane. (120) Virgil is transaction with being disrupted by massive changes having surgery and getting married. The discombobulation he feels about walking without his cane is understandable.The cane was his support for a basic of life another aspect that is taken for granted, putting one foot in front of another. Virgils independence is being encroached upon and there is an erosion of confidence in his abilities that w ere part of his identity as a sightless person. Additional aspects of his new life were just as jumbled, as disconnected. Virgil couldnt identify his cat and dog without touching them while opticly investigating them. Hes confused by distances, light, sizes, angles and perspectives. Sacks says that Virgil was blinded for a minute, until he put on a p communication channel of dark-green sunglasses.Even usual daylight, he said, was too bright for him, too glary, he felt that he saw best in quite subdued light. (131) During the initial exam Sacks conducted with Virgil, they went to a zoo for an outing. Virgil was only able to make out an brute by either the way it moved or by particular proposition opthalmic features, such as height. His heightened sense of hearing was noticed when he heard the lions roaring in the distance. He had a request to touch an animal, and was able to examine a statue of an ape. When he touched the statue, he had an air of assurance that he had never sh own when examining anything by sight. emanding that he kick all that came easily to him, that he sense the world in a way incredibly difficult for him and alien. (132-33) Virgils non-sighted and sighted worlds joined briefly in the moment when it became apparent he could visually identify more features of the ape only after touching the statue. In Virgils journey to see again, he appears to be finding his way by adapting his skills from his past(a) life to his current existence. There must have been a want to do so, so as to bridge the gap and to glue unneurotic who he was with who he is, and who he is going to be.Otherwise, I could see the confusion, disruption and erosion of independence would become overwhelming to Virgil and could therefore stymie any potential for improvement after the upcoming second surgery. Virgil was experiencing periods of severe visual fatigue and spontaneous distorted vision. The fatigue was understandable his visual body was weak and unstable, not yet practiced and strong. The periods of distorted vision that lasted for hours or days were not as easy to understand, and therefore more of a worry.The continuation of the distorted vision became apparent with displays of what Sacks calls psychic blindness speech of seeing while in fact appearing blind and demo no visual behavior whatever. (136) He exhibited another type of drug withdrawal of sight, emotional, as well. When his family came to town for his wedding, Virgil began to need Amy to lead him around due to wooly-minded vision. His family did oppose the surgery and despite the verity even then they did not believe he could see. Virgils emotional withdrawal of sight only ended after his family left post-wedding.Virgil was treated by his family as his former self instead of as his current self his past passivity returned and he gave them what they wanted Virgil as a blind man. His current visual identity must have felt threatened. Due to Virgils inexperient and weak vis ual state, that either neural overload or identity conflict might just push him over it. (138) aft(prenominal) the surgery on Virgils left eye revealed that his acuity was the same as the right eye, there was some improvement but not as much as had been hoped for. He was able to focus somewhat kick downstairs and was able to go back to work after the 2 months since the first surgery.Massage therapy was different for him now that he could see his clients. In order to do his job comfortably, he had to close his eyes and function as a non-sighted person. This experience for Virgil made him revert to functioning as blind quite an than sighted, continuing his identity confusion. His continuing experiences for the next few months were memorable experiencing the holidays with sight, seeing his family and home in Kentucky, seeing the ballet with Amy. He interacted with his family while exhibiting visual behaviors, a big step towards change for Virgil. The change was arrested by his eno ugh critically ill with pneumonia.The result of the illness was lack of oxygen to brain, and Virgils vision was receding. He acted as though he could see even when he couldnt by reaching for things but saying he could not see. Sacks indicates This condition called implicit sight occurs if the visual parts of the rational cortex are knocked out, but the visual centers in the subcortex remain intact. (146) At this even out for Virgil, he is now experiencing even more change after his health improves and he leaves the hospital, he is attached to an oxygen tank which leaves him ineffective to work, and therefore having to move from his home.Of course, these changes have an effect on Virgils visual and emotional states, as they would on anyone. Virgil is now blind again. Even though Virgil has rare moments of minimal sight, he has returned to functioning as a non-sighted person. After the all too-human reaction of rage, Virgil himself has expressed an acceptance of his visual situ ation. Sacks notes, Virgil for his part, maintains philosophically, These things happen. (151) As Virgil says, things do happen. My friend lost her hearing as a toddler I will be losing my vision and prepare myself for this inevitable future.All of us hand out with these stages of life and envelop them into ourselves, our identities. There are different definitions of perspective point of view representation of objects as they might appear to the eye a mental view or prospect. To apply them all to Virgil is to see him as he should be seen, without a need to change him and to accept him with and without sight. full treatment Cited Sacks, Oliver. An Anthropologist on Mars Seven Paradoxical Tales. New York Vintage, 1996. Print. . The Last Hippie. An Anthropologist on Mars Seven Paradoxical Tales. New York Vintage, 1996. 42 76. Print.