Discussing The Problems Of Online Shopping Information Technology Essay

Discussing The Problems Of Online Shopping Information Technology EssayThe aim of this literary productions review is to hypercritically analyze the various problems/solutions of online shop brass, and benefits of online obtain arranging in Nigeria.IntroductionIn Nigeria, different business and market proceedings be being place face to face ie buy and selling of different dear(p)s and service argon been d whiz in the market. Implementations of online obtain practices has been difficult and touch ond with a lot of problems such as user silence , in shelter and hope has made it not visible for such to be implemented.The meshing as a global network which allows plenty to communicate, fulfill business transactions, send, store and receive knowledge.The internet has become an improtant process to everyday life and different people from different countries use the internet in order to carryout their effective skills in their different professions and for income reserva tion.Looking at online shopping as the case study, today online shopping is becoming popular to people/client and consumer as another channel and fast means of making business transactions and client satisfaction. According to (bbc) statistics, showed in december 2008 defecate reviewed the statistis of 50% rise in 2008 christmas online shopping, however (www.nma.co.uk) in febuary 2010 recorded the sales of 4.1billion pounds for online retailers and a rise of 13% in febuary 2010.problems of online shoppingBelanger, F (2002) identify solitude, security and trustworthiness as a major factor that disallow people from shopping online. it is important to understand this factors that king prevent client or users from shopping online and some of this factors include solitude seclusion which is a most important problem that stops people from shopping online or using the internet above the problem of cost and convienence giving. It is the impart of the node to share entropy online for purchase, that it is clear that clients concern with covert of selective information is having effect on shopping online and therefore to re clear this problem, screen potentials take in to be further addressed (Belanger. F, p 4).In 2000, pew internet and American life reported that 66% of users proposed that online tracking should be forbid and 81% supported for rules to be implemented in online information systems and in 2002 National Consumers League survey, respondents ranked individualized privacy above wellness care, education, crime and taxes as concerns to users (Paul, 2001) as cited by Belanger. F (2002) .Privacy final payments on the Internet include spam, usage tracking and data collection, choice, and the sharing of information with third parties. These areas of fear are found in the taxonomy draw by Huaiqing, W (1998), are reflected in the Federal Trade Commissions standard for privacy on the Internet. The FTC identifies notice, choice, access and security as elements of a pleasing privacy policy. Customers guarantee that the information shared give be subjected to personally adumbrate limits is the essence of privacy on the Internet. Therefore, for this research the translation of privacy that is follow is the faculty to manage information about oneself.SecuritySecurity holy terror has been defined as condition, state, or event which is possible to cause economical adversities to data or network resources in the form of destruction, exposure, change of data, demurrer of service, fraud, waste, and abuse (Kalakota and Whinston, 1996). Security, then, is the justification against these threats. Under this definition, threats can be made every through network and data transaction attacks, or through unofficial access by means of false or defective authentications. This definition must be tailored in order to be applicable to customer transactions to acknowledge that customers information has value. For customers, it must be r ecognize that economic hardship include damages to privacy that is loss of information as well as theft, for example, credit information and authentication sequels for customers go out be reversed. This definition explains the security threats from a customers point of view. Security in online shopping is reflected in the technologies used to protect and secure customer data. However Security concerns of customers may be addressed by many of the same(p) engineering science protections as those of businesses, such as encryption and authentication. Our description of privacy and security is similar to the distinction that Hoffman .L (1999) use in identifying environmental look as separate from control over secondary use of information, described above. Environmental control refers to customers concerns with sharing information online due to expectations of threats to online security, including fear of hackers and individuation theft.TrustworthinessFor People to solve important buying and selling decisions is establish on their level of trust in the product, salesperson, and the company (Hosmer, 1995). Similarly, online shopping decisions rent trust not simply between the shop merchant and the customer but withal between the customer and the computer system through which transactions are executed (Lee and Turban, 2001). Although many studies confuse identified the critical role of customers trust in online shopping, two critical issues have hampered semiempirical investigations of the impact of customers trust on on-line shopping activities. The first issue is focused on the lack of agreement about the definition of online customer trust (Lee and Turban, 2001). Although most of these definitions capture the notion of risk taking, many are merely operationally taken from the traditional shopping literature and utilize to the online context. More importantly, few of these definitions specify the on-line trust equivalent for example, Moorman (1993, p. 82 ) . Defines customer trust as a testamentingness to rely on an exchange associate in whom one has confidence. This definition suggests that trust reflects a continuum of keenness that is readiness to engage in a relationship with the other ships company, such as a salesperson (Crosby, 1990) . Rather than focusing on trust in individuals, this study focuses on the electronic organization as well as its site as the exchange party. The second issue hinder richer examinations of online customer trust as the lack of experimental notice given to one critical precursor of customer. (Lee and Turban, 2001) Several researchers have identified three briny elements of trustworthiness ability, unselfishness, and integrity (Mayer, 1995 Lee and Turban, 2001). According to (Mayer,1995 Lee and Turban, 2001), the ability of a merchant is reflected in its ability to handle sales dealings and the expertness to generally conduct business online. In contrast, perceived integrity is depict of the mar keters honesty and sincerity. Finally, kindness was defined as the extent to which the trusting party believes that the trusted party wants to do good things rather than just maximize profit. In contrast to the other two transaction focused magnitude, kindness reflects perceptions of the marketers willingness to engage in flexible or humanitarian commitment to its customers. A similar dimensional distinction can be found in the corporate social responsibility literature (Carroll, 1979 Smith., 2001) cited by Belanger. F (2002) . supernumerary insights from this literature also indicate that a firms economic responsibilities that is to make a profit and its flexible responsibilities are often negatively correlated (Ibrahim, 1997) cited by Belanger. F (2002). These findings suggest that customers expect marketers to be have high ability primarily focus on maximizing profits often at the cost of being kind.SolutionsTechnology solutionsWinnie, C and John,P (2002, P 7) suggested that the advance of technology could be used as a solution for privacy protection and described two examples of this technologies. Firstly one established standard is called course of study for Privacy Preference. The privacy preference system works through meshwork browsers to automatically alert users to what information is being collected online. The aim of privacy preference system is to have a common privacy wording and standard on the internet that provides a rich language for services to express their information practices and for users to express their privacy preferences. Users will be warned and have an alternative to leave if the site is gathering information for shopping purposes also they can choose to give their private information simply to sites that will not use it for shopping. Thus, privacy preference system technology helps users make informed decisions about when to drop off their data.Secondly is the anonymizer which ensures users surfing the web anonymously, will hide their surfing history when users are browsing the web. It will not stop cookies, but it will allow users to surf the Internet eon withholding their IP addresses and other information about them. This ensures that the identity of the users will not be identified. Recently, a new privacy enhancing cookie charge feature has been released for Internet Explorer with this version, users will be asked and prompted in situation before letting a cookie enter into the system. A description of all cookies and their purpose will be given plus a clear distinction between first and third party ones. A default setting will alert the user when a unrelenting third party cookie is being served or read on the users system. It is argued that technical solutions cannot solve the privacy concerns permanently. Although the advance of technology is able to solve the privacy concerns at the moment, it will not work in the closelipped future. Web sites can also utilise advances of technology to obt ain personal information as the technology evolves. Thus, just using technological solutions is not reliable in terms of privacy concerns.Combination solutionsWinnie, C and John,P (2002, P 7) also believed that using a combination solution is possible to come through privacy protection in a globally consistent manner. The combination of legislation, self regulation and technical solutions may provide synergy that is more(prenominal) effective than a single solution. Users must be assured that when they release their data, services will use it only as they have promised. canon and self-regulatory regime can help in providing such assurances. While self-regulation and privacy enhancing technologies are welcome developments in order to enhance privacy protection, they might not be sufficient by themselves and they could be accompanied by legislation.Security solutionIBM (2005) stated that there are three important concept of security confidentiality, integrity, and availability. C onfidentiality which only permit authorized parties to read protect information and also talked about three types of security categories1. Authentication fix who you are. It requires that you are the only one authorized to logon to the shopping system.2. Authorization This allows only the user to manipulate his resourcesIn Specific ways.3. Encryption Deals with information concealment which prevent unauthorisedUser from accessing customer information.conclusionsThe egression of online shopping system is non-stoppable. Yet, online users spending only accounts for about 1.7% of overall revenues. The privacy, security and trust concerns are posing a barrier to the Development of online shopping in Nigeria. It is an issue that online Shopping system cannot afford to ignore because privacy, security and trust concerns are blocking online sales. And the key is that Companies doing online sales need to manage and meet their customers expectations where privacy, security and trust is co ncerned. A web site with a privacy, security and trust statement tells customers that their privacy right is being considered. It would not be good for the shopping system if a client finds that something unannounced has happened to their information, perhaps an unexpected access from unauthorised users. Shopping business open about their practice and abiding by their privacy and security statements will win both(prenominal) customers confidence and custom to shop online. For online shopping to succeed in Nigeria, online shopping must build trust with millions of consumers. Respecting consumers privacy and security is necessary in order to boost the growth of electronic commerce. Therefore it is believed that global symmetry on Internet privacy and protection is important to boost the growth of shopping online.

British Airways Internal And External Environment

British Air slip behavior Internal And away EnvironmentBritish Airs has chosen as its emulous scheme to be focus differentiated. This is supported by the fact that since the mid mid-eighties the follow determined that they implyed a a comfortably direct(prenominal) dynamic, client-foc occasiond and dispense well compulsive culture. Furtherto a greater extent, the c aller-out stated in its 2008/2009 annual idea that its neutral is to be a utmost-performing, pervertket-focused, orbiculate superior portline. Among its objectives, it losss to be the worlds leading orbiculate superior respiratory tract be the ventilateline of excerption for longhaul premium customers and deliver an salient(ip) religious service for customers at either mite point.Moreover, in sound out to female genital organvas if the familiarity is supporting its scheme, it is undischarged to analyse its value chain and how the party force out compels value to its customers.In its action, B.A is outsourcing some activities, for example catering, therefore they pile focus on their warmness argument, and a the like they cigaret save be with employees and avoid problems with strike. (Guys on this point, reviewing the case study, that the franchises do not not brook to support their strategy of differentiation). B.A has also created a subsidiary OpenSkies to be more competitive in the transatlantic routes, receivable to the fact of being a new-sprung(prenominal) company, they ordure hire new employees with different salaries and attains from B.A.B.A has also created the lowest 5 which is very modern and with a lot of technology, therefore they deal cut cost principal(prenominal)ly with employees and it also a mean to impose the problem of potential strikes. This terminal does not depend too a lot on employees force. Furthermore it wait aced the company to rectify its dexterity and state purify service.On operate, the company has i nvested to achieve its objective of serving outstanding function. some examples ar a fellowship World Cabin, which offers more comfort and privacy, on all its Boeing 747 and on half of its Boeing 777 Two-by-Two seat configuration in its Club Europe Galleries lounges at terminal 5 and 3 in Heathrow, Milan, Vancouver and Johanesburg withstand in from mobile and PDA In shoot entertainment scheme.Its merciful Resources activities can array a critical aspect from its value chain. In wholeness hand, the company has invested in world- material body hospitality and customer service prep (annual answer for) on the former(a) hand to support its objective of simplification costs, the company has progressively cut the number of employees and their benefits ( such(prenominal) as reduction on their pensions), which has generated a turbulent relationship with its employees, of moly with the trade unions. As an example, due to the 5000 bloodline concern concerns cut in its backroom operation, the cabin crew went on strike in August 1997.They argon reducing the pensions, they argon hiring new employees with different salaries which create employees conflicts, scratch motivation and they befool strikes.Firm Infrastructure They changed the draw awayment appearance in the mid 1980 to be more flexible. in time, more recently they argon becoming more toughened due to the competitive. They atomic number 18 tense uping to man come on the efficiency of the employees with the clocking-in system they are also filter outing to crop absenteeism. obscure from this, employees fell bulled. Therefore, it seems to be more autocratic.We can also support this with last 5, they just decided to start the operation but employees were not prepared. strategy Sustainable it is not sustainableThe company is focusing on reduce costs and maximizing profits to deliver the results expected by the shareholders. However, on the former(a) hand, this strategy is stuporing the empl oyees. They are reducing the pensions, they lead more feat, they dont want to give pay risen, they want to reduce the number of employees, thus this testament impact the quality of the service. Therefore this does not support the strategy.Evaluation of strategyPrimary evaluation index is performance if it has grown and if it has been profitableHowever Rumelt indicates three questions to evaluate depth the strategy, to appraise more fundamental factors and arcs which lead guide the company for successAre the objectives appropriate?Are the major(ip) policies and procedures appropriate?Do the results obtained confirm or refute critical assumptions on which the strategy rests?The strategy demand to be consistent (goals and policies) consonant (it inevitably to represent an adaptive rejoinder to the external environment and critical changes) it call for to create competitive advantage and it demand to be feasible accord to resources.We attain cause our sights on being the worlds leading international premium flight path. We invite five key goals. They are toBe the airline of excerption for longhaul premium customersDeliver an outstanding service for customers at every blot pointGrow our presence in key global cities institute on our leading position in capital of the United Kingdom andMeet our customers needs and correct margins through new receipts streams.Background and IntroductionBritish airways were founded as aircraft transport and travelling (ATT) in 1916, and soon on by and by the World War I the showtime worldwide scheduling air service were launched surrounded by capital of the United Kingdom and Paris. 1939 its principal competitor were Imperial Airways and the regime nationalized both(prenominal) company from British Overseas Airways (BOAC). The BOAC were operation just in Long tug rush and for short haul some other new company were operation, British European Airways (BEA). In 1974 after the BOAC has a swell knowledge about long Haul Flight (US, Japan, and so on) and BEA has a great knowledge about short haul flight of steps the both companies uniting, became the British Airwyas. (DataMonitor, 2009).Business agreement between BA AA Iberia 2008British Airways is one and only(a) of the worlds leading scheduling premium global airlines, during FY2009 British Airways earned 8 billion in revenue, down 11% on the last socio-economic class. Passengers represent 87% of the revenue, 7% Cargo and 6% form other activities, (annual authorship BA, 09). With 245 aircraft makes one of the surmount occur function in actuality. British airways serve more than ccc destinations worldwide. The company carried more than 33 zillion passengers and 777,000 tonnes of cargos destinations end-to-end the work during fiscal year 2009. British airways also provides another types of services to other airlines including cargo handling at airports, airframe maintenance, computer and communication services and consul tancy services. (datamonitor, 2009).British airways has a objective to be the biggest airline company in the world, and the airline patience is consolidating at an accelerating pace. In collection to do this, merger with Iberia and intent to join business with American airways are examples of the era for international aviation. besides these deals are always in focus on benefit its costumer. (Annual Report BA, 2009)British Airways during March 2009 launched a low-cost airfare sale with terms starting to $478 between London to New York and also develop its frequent Europe for Free that is a program offering low-cost fares and deuce free hotel nights in same seven selected cities on the Europe continent, (datamonitor) attachment 01 -Timeline British AirwaysMacro environment Analysis check to Lancaster (2008) companies are inserted in a macro instruction environment composed by different factors or forces which have an impact on their operations. Some of these factors are close r to the company such as suppliers, intermediaries, distributors and so on, which he denominate proximate macro environment. There other factors have a wider prospect, such as legal, cultural, economic, so on, but can also impact companies results.Political FactorsAlmost every aspect of running an airline is governed or influenced by tight regulatory ascendencys. This varies from the routes companies can pilot, the business partners they can cooperate with, the airport slots they can use, the fares they set and the floor costs they pay. Strict rules also govern safety and certificate and the management of their environmental impact. (XXXXX)Terrorism is another political problem which affects companies, one example are the attacks which occurred in the U.S in 2001, which cut down the demand for flights and also demanded from companies more investments on security mea certain(p) enoughments and policies to rebuild consumers confidence. (XXXX)Economic FactorsAirline companies were look affect by economic deferral when in 2008 were the worst have it off has ever faced in especially US and Europe. The global recession has affect in both cases passenger and business community in air travel. This aggravated its pension deficit and it also impacted its demand because some(prenominal) companies are trying to reduce the costs with travelling kinda they are trying to use communication technology as teleconferencing. Although the price crude oil has fallen from 2008 were the oil price was $147 a barrel. (Key data)Appendix 2 UK residents visits overseas by air by Country visited (000)Currency changes are another problem. For BA the pound weakens impacted its costs due to many of them occur in dollar or euro.Other factors which can impact either B.A costs base or profits are oil prices fluctuations and step-up unemployment which impact consumer confidence.Social FactorsAgeing fastest add-on in the oldest oldPopulation by age, UK, 1984, 2009 and 2034The graphic above describe how the UK trend populations are personnel casualty, over the last 25 year the concourse patriarchal 65 has profitd from 15% in 1984 to 16% in 2009, increase of 1.7% gazillion people, in other words, UK population is ageing. On the same purpose the young population has decreased from 21% to 19%.http//www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=949Analysis this graph, it is possible to understand that people are focus on their career and plausibly having just one children or in some case no one, and the consequence is young population decrease and old population increase. British Airways can take advantage of this situation because people in this age whitethorn want to enjoy the live travelling, visit some friends and so on, and British Airways can bring this customer to it, and this type of customer possibly willing pay to better services and better company, and business class for this customer are the best option to British Airways introducing them.Appendix 3 Unemployment rateAccording to graph above, the UK Unemployment rate despite is getting a small better still so high, and this factor impact forecast on British Airways, because whist people have no job it is hard to this people travel by plane. On the other hand, people aged 16 to 54 had has been a significant increase since 2009, and may can bring more customer to British Airways.http//www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=12technical FactorsPrice comparison using the internetOnline fight services and sign inIt is good because young peolpe prefer to used, but old people dont like this new techonolgiesThe technology has created a lot of benefits for consumers. In the case of airline industry, now they can use comparison websites, which has contributed for their bargaining power On the other hand, online booking beside facilitating customers, companies do not need to pay to agencies anymore (intermediaries). Furthermore, British Airways can also reduce the number of employees because it is possible to use more machines than people and BA improved its efficiency, as an example the clocking-in system implemented by BA to carry employees hours, and It also creates new ways of communicating with customers. (XXXXX)Environment Factors angiotensin converting enzyme of the British Airway strategical is reduce issue that affect the environment, in order to this, British Airways chose to engage in CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) to aid achieve the company strategic, CSR also can protagonist British Airways to identify risks to health, safety and environment, this strategic also can pull more investors and grow the company. CSR CASE STUDYAccording to Convention for humor Change and the Kyoto protocol, one big issue to puzzle out is the light speed emission. And airlines companies have a high contribution in carbon emission. So, in response to this British airway decided to develop a program to solve this issue and the first target was burn efficiency to reduce in 30% between 1990 from 2010. Doing this action the saving(a) represents 50m tonnes of carbon diode (CO2). The British airway has great reduction in carbon emission that the carbon emission saved can then be sold for other companies, which needs to go above its carbon emission. CSR CASE STUDYFurthermore, another crusial point to British Airways is the noise pollution, to minimize this issue the company is inventing in quieter aircrafts and changing the way that its fly, the target to reduce the average noise per flight is around 15% by 2015. The people who living near to Heathrow are the people more affect with the noise but British Airways reduced around 30% the noise between 2008 and 2009. (annual report BA, 2009).Natural disasters and wear conditions can impact the operations. These issues can impact on costs and consequently the companys profit. Volcano ashesLegal FactorsDuring March 2010 British airways announce a disintegration in passage number the decline wa s so high that was compared with the month after September 11 terrorist attacks. It was the worst march in more than a decade for passenger numbers, and the British airways strategic were cuts some its operable capacity. But the consequence was worst it. Because became a Cabin-Crew Walkouts that generate around 45m hurt to British Airways. When more than 47% of the flights were cancel in Heathrow airport. On the other hand, during the same time Ryanair Reported that the passenger number has increased 13%. One of the reasons from that is probably the no-frills. (financial Times, 2010)Beside all the legislation which reflects the heavy regulatory control governments have over airline industry, companies are also impacted by employment relations laws and recognition of trade unions. In the case of BA this has represented a lot of problems due to the strikes conducted by the employees. Beside the impact on image, the company has incurred significant losses. Other legislation which ca n impact its strategy is the restrictions on mergers and acquisitions. (XXXXX)Meso EnvironmentXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXCompetitive rivalryThe competition is very intense. primarily the main competitive factors in the airline industry are factors such as, customer services, safety record and reputation, price, routes services, in-flight entertainment systems and frequent flyer programs, flight schedules, capacity, types of aircraft, code-sharing relationship and so on. (datamonitor)Short haul market BA has a lot of competitors, mainly Easy jet and Ryanair, and on this type of flights is more serious to have differentiation. Product and service are easily replicated and it is difficult to achieve consumer loyalty, On the other hand. Long haul market with the OpenSkies changed the competitive landscape. Five new companies have slots in Heathrow to fly to U.S. (XXXXXXXXXX)New EntrantsIn the airline industry new entrants are low because there are significant barriers to enter. It re quires high capital investment, there are also high regulatory requirements, it is a high competitive environment, it offers low profit margins, it takes more time to have the return on investment, and Slot spaces are idealistic and the barriers to exit are high. (XXXXXXXXX)SubstituteOn short Haul routes, airlines companies have a great competition with on the ground. Train operations in UK are taking a bigger share of the air, principal because the infrastructure has stay improvements and minimize journey times in lines such as West Coast mainline. Although Eurostar is disrupt by snow and freezing weather in January, the company still in increase around 1.2% more passenger in 2009, at the same time demand for flight between London to Brussels and Paris fell b y 14%. (Annual Report BA, 2009).Power of BuyerBritish Airways through a strategic sourcing process produce services and goods, using benchmarking to make sure that they will achieve maximum value, for both parts such as supp liers and purchase. During the 2009 year , the company reviewed all its spending with 500 top suppliers who sexual conquest around 94% of total annual external spend, in order to this, British Airways re-structure all its commercial deals and the result was a considerable saving over this period.Power of SuppliersSuppliers have high bargaining power, there are basically to suppliers of airplanes Boeing and Airbus. And they are restricted by sole supplier of fuel in the airports. (XXXXX)Micro Environment AnalysisXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXStrengthsBritish airways has some pregnant resources and capabilities such as a fleet of about 250 airplanes and more than 300 routes It has an international customer database It has financial resources, according to datamonitor 2009 report, the company has increased its revenues since 2005 and in 2008 the company had 10% of operating profit margin. The company has slots in the main airports The company has created two subsidiaries OpenSkies a nd BA urban center Flyer It has also formal some weighty alliances (OneWorld alliances) and it has franchised some routes. These resources and capabilities are valuable and can help the company to react against some threats and capitalize on opportunities. However they cannot be rare and inimitable depending on the competitors available resources.On the other hand, British Airways have some unusual resources and impression competencies which are more difficult to imitate, are more rare and represent an important value for the company. British Airways is the only company with access to terminal 5 in London Heathrow Airport, one of the main airports in the world. BA has also a well-thought-of brand image recognized globally and reinforced by its long-standing beingness within the industry. Through its subsidiary OpenSkies has offered a 32-seat all premium service from London City Airport to New York (Annual report).British airways has a continuously increase in its revenue sin ce FY2005 to FY2008 (HERE I admit TO SHOW WITH GRAFICS, why THIS LAST YEAR THE COMPANY DECREASE?).British Airways has focus on operational services such a punctuality and costumer services, important factor to achieve this aim is destruction 5 at Heathrow. It is allowing British airways to provide customer with a completely level of services in a highly efficient way. Furthermore, an important strategic for the company is investments in its fleet, and hundred million is using to develop and modernise its first cabin and the customer feedbacks is brilliant. Costumer likes its idea because it is what costumer is looking for, more pleasant beds, space, privacy and everything is British style. (annual report BA, 2009)British airways has a excellent fleet base operation and has its robust route network. The company is operating with 245 aircraft in service. (HERE A NEEDS TO SHOE WICH AIRCRAFTS AND COMPERER WITH COMPETITOR). Although, diversity fleet operation help the company to achi eve their advantages over their competitor and to be effective use of goods and services of its asset base.In addition the British airways have just order two airbus A138 and six Embraer E190SR and five E170 aircraft to replace RJ85 and RJ100 Aircraft. Which are currently operated from City airport.Furthermore, the British airways has carries more than 33 million passenger per year. (HERE I NEED THE INFORMATION HOW MANY PEEOPLE PER YEAR)BA focuses on offering online services to uphold old customers and to attract new customer. The e-services were important factors that helped British airways to reduce costs and increase revenues. Furthermore, the e-services helps costumer to book hotels, cars all through the website. Third of all companies booking was sold by ba.com. in order to do this, British airways introduce a new tool that is capable to upgrade their booking at any time between buying a slate and checking on-line. Other facility it is access in real time the comer and depart ures information through their mobile, which is useful tools for business people. (Datamonitor, 2009)WeaknessBritish airways has a high debt obligation in FY 2009, the amount is around 2,382 million, an increase of 1,072 million in comparison to FY 2008. The increase in net debt included 554 million due to the retranslation of foreign debt. High debt make more difficult for a company to pay its principal and interest with respect to its obligations. In addition, can reduce the British Airways ability to use cash flow to fund working capital and other general corporate requirements. Furthermore, high British Airways debts difficult to planning and reaching to change in business and industry. (datamonitos, 2009)British airways is one of the biggest airline company in the world but 62.5% of the revenue came from European Market (data monitor, 2009). And it is not good business depends too much of a specific market. Because if the continent has an economic problem the company for sure g oing to be serious problem.Appendix 5 GDP noun phraseAccording to Nominal GDP, 30% of the world nominal GDP came from Europe. So it is a good strategic from BA focus on this market. But there are some problem mentions above.Appendix 6 kljAccording to PPP GDP, British airways should be focus on other countries to try to improve their revenues. In some countries such as China, Japan, India, Brazil and so on, there is a great chance to increase the revenues.On the other hand, The European population has a high number of retender people that increase the probability of this people to travel (long haul flight) to enjoy their live. (here i need to find the reference. Again,, heheh)OpportunitiesBritish airways to try to improve its revenues were focus on business agreement with other airlines companies. British airways, American Airlines and Iberia have signed a joint business agreement in 2008 on flight between North America and Europe and part of the plan it is expand their global coo peration. This relationship was created to benefits customer to increase flight schedule and more fly option to travel to whore world. (annual reports BA, 1009)OneWorld Global Alliance it is another (HERE I NEED TO EXPLAN WHAT IS ONEOWRDL)Another opportunity to business is the Open Skies between EU and US, because British airways can significantly increase its number of destination choices that the airlines can offer for the customers. Although, Airlines are applying for EU-US anti-Trust Immunity, where London Heathrow is open to any US or EU Airline that wants to fly to US and where the rival alliance have immunity. In order to this, the airlines companies also can expand customer choice by supporting more routes that it is not be economically feasible for the airlines companies. This strategic can increase the opportunity to British Airways to provide a better services for its customer and improve its business as well. (datamonitor, 2009).ThreatsThe global recession has a high im pact over on Airline industry, according to GDP growth rate has a declined from 5.1% in 2007 to 3.1% in 2008. Due the crises many Airline companies had financial loss and the principal affect class were the premium passenger because companies decided to cut business travel to save money, a recent survey suggest that 47% of business travel will take fewer travel in the year ahead. So, Global economic is affecting British airways where the company focus main on business travel. (datamonitor, 2009)Over the latest years the Airline industry has been affected by global recession and drop in air travel and the airline companies strategies are merger and joint venture, recent examples such as Delta and Northwest Airlines in October 2008, between America West Airlines and US Airways in September 2005, American Airlines acquired majority of Trans World Airlines assets in 2001. In Europe market some consolidation is happens too, such as Vueling and Clickair in Spain, Alitalia and Air one in Italy, Lufthansa acquired Brussels Airlines and British Airline BMI and Austrian Airlines. Other merger or joint venture with domestic and international market can affect directly British airways revenues. (datamonitor, 2009)EU-US Open Skies savvy has had a high impact on Long Haul Flight, during the first phase of the Open Skies at Heathrow, the competition has change on transatlantic routes, US Carriers Delta, Continental and US Airways have commended new flights to Heathrow offered more than 100 services per week. Other important markets are being liberalised is Canada, and others countries such as Australia, New Zealand and Brazil are going to be the next to suffer the Open Skies. (annual Report BA, 2009).Strategic AnalysisBritish Airways main strategic is become the worlds leading global premium airline. And to achieve goals its focus on make the cost base more efficient but make customer service an important part of this long-term vision. These are import factor to create a sustainable and profitable future for business, benefiting our customer, colleagues and shareholders. (annual report BA, 2009)Global, offer destiny a crosswise the world making individuals and business travellers want to choose British airways to travel for wherever their wants. (annual report BA, 2009)Premium, accept that all its customer take pleasure in use unique premium service, and that their costumer make out the service and can pay more for it. (annual report BA, 2009)Airline, Always develop new products and services to be always serving well its costumer. (annual report BA, 2009)MissionThe mission of the congregation is to deliver service that matters people who value how the fly.British Airways has objective to be the Airline of choice for Long Haul Premium customer, Long Haul flight market is the key to its profitability but always with a strong presence in economy and short haul particle and always focus on bring an excellent service and the best global connectivity f or its customer, British Airways has a strategic to build presence in all top global cities through expanding and airlines partnership. (annual repost BA, 2009)Another value to BA is deliver an excellent service for customer at every touch point, to achieve this aim all the cabin staff have been receiving training such as service style to all passenger arrive a premium service on all routes and classes. (annual repost BA, 2009)BA has an important objective to grow its presence in all key global cities in the world to offer the best global connectivity for its customers. The company want to be present in the top cities and also to expanding networking through partnerships. (annual repost BA, 2009)London is the worlds biggest competitive international air marketing in the world, Build on its leading position in London Airline continuous to been the core for its business to achieve this objective British Airways has the government helps, however, the company going to enhance this by b uilding profitable ancillary services that offer customers great value and re-enforce its brand. (annual repost BA, 2009)BA has essential to know what its customer needs and improve that through new revenue streams found on its core of business, although, BA building profitable auxiliary services that offer customer great value and re-enforce its brand. However, the company want to develop new products and services which exploit its assets and capabilities. (annual repost BA, 2009)British Airways Business PlanBritish Airways business plan is build around the world a Global Premium airline for long haul flight, and to achieve its objectives British Airways has a structure in five factors Colleagues, Customer, Performance, Excellence and Partnership. (annual report BA, 2009)FOCUSED ON OUTSTANDING client SERVICEColleaguesWhat can British Airways to do improve its business and how can they work together to achieve that, and how the company can develop its people to achieve their perfor mance. (annual report BA, 2009)CustomerWhat British Airways can do to outstanding experience for its entire customer, they will monitor carefully all the opportunities and try to adjust capacity as economic condition allow, another strategic is reduce flying outside the peak periods to reduce costs and maintain the quality and services for its entire consumers, the company intend to develop more flying during the holidays businesses to give the customer more opportunities to fly. In addition, the new Boeing 777-300ERs will arrive soon to improve its fuel efficiency and environmental performance. (annual report BA, 2009)PerformanceWhat British Airways can do to improve its financial performance and deliver for its shareholders, the company will build on record-breaking levels of operation performance through continuous improvement of the way its plan and control the operation. The company will extend the successful Terminal 5 at Heathrow to more of its services through maturation of the second satellite Terminal 5C that going to open in 2011. (annual report BA, 2009)ExcellenceWhat British Airways can do to maintain and improve its operation performance and the quality of its processes. One of the strategies is implement joint business agreement with American Airlines and Iberia. Doing this can the company offer for its customer better services such as improve flight schedules, deliver enhanced and disruption management. Partnerships going to be developing such as those who were announced this year with Indias Kingfisher Airlines and the Russian carrier S7, to improve its position in the global cities in whole world. (annual report BA, 2009)PartnershipsWhat British Airways can do to work with other Airlines companies business, with its principal suppliers and the communication that is based on economic environment and challenging industrial relations, for the next years British Airways will work to make better to engage across the company rallying our colleague s with drive towards ever greater customer services. The company will continuous to invest in make targets to improve its way to manage its talents with focus on develop new front-line leaders. (annual report 09 heapObjectivesBritish airways have many objectives such as, improve employee and customer Satisfaction, increase revenue, Maintain competitive strength in the industry, improve fuel efficiency and develop especial equipments for disable people. HERE I NEED IMFORMATION active HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE FLYING PER YEAR)Another British airways objective is maintain customer loyalties and sustain their dominance in the airline industry. (executive report, mar binns, 2007)According to Annual report 2010, the merger with Iberia is a good deal both for long-term sustainability of the business and for customer, because they can together increase their networks, one is strongest on the North Atlantic and Asia and other is strongest in Latin America. unneurotic they believe can defecate a round 400 million in synergies from the fifth year. BA strong believe in the synergies can realise its resources on this highly competitive route will be good for customers, shar

Policy Making Processes in South Africa

Policy Making Processes in South AfricaThe field of study governance is accountable to the law making passage regarding the rights and commitments of its citizens and delivery of services. The Constitution of South Africa provides in Section 43, three spheres of governing body in South Africa, namely, the field presidential term, Provincial Government and topical anaesthetic anaesthetic Government. In Section 40(1) of the Constitution it states that these spheres of organisation are distinctive, inter-related and inter-dependent. all(a) three subject fields turn tail below the Constitution as well as the laws and policies defecated by Parliament. choose members sanction policies and laws as well as supervise the work of the plane sections. The department and public services are liable for the work delegated by government and are accountable to the Executive. In the Provincial Legislature, the premier and Executive Council is amenable for the managerial executive an d the administration is done by the Heads of Department and their staff. The local anesthetic government or council are managed by the Mayor and the Mayoral committee and the administration is taken care of by the Municipal Manager, Heads of Department and their staff.The law making processThe field Legislature is the authority that passes new laws, correct existing laws or repeal old laws. This same power exists for tyke legislative assemblys in making eclogue laws and municipal laws in respect of municipal by laws. The process is as followFirstly, a draft heydayhook is drawn up by the MEC, MPL or the standing committee. This is hence promulgated in the boor gazette as well as otherwise papers to notify the public. The public has 14 days to respond to the proposed drat. If at that place were any public comment, the department give devote the changes. Secondly, the speaker will introduce the proposed banknote to the legislature. Thirdly, the legislature committee deba tes the bill. Public hearings deal be hold and if there are any changes to the draft, it is referred back to the legislature. Fourthly, the Legislature debates the bill and a vote is then passed. The Bill is passed once a bulk vote is in favour. If not, the Bill is rejected. Fifthly, the Premier of the Province signs the Bill into an lick. Lastly, the Act is published in the Provincial Government Gazette.The Role of the NCOPWhen a Bill is passed by the National Assembly it is given a number and referred to the National Council of Provinces (NCOP). The Bill is subject to the amendment proposed or rejected by the Council. The NCOP first needfully to distinguished if the Bill contains issues that run intos provinces (Section 76 Bill) or contains issues that do not affect the provinces (Section 75 Bill).If the Bill contains issues affecting provinces (Section 76 Bill)Members of the Select Committee nestle their own provinces to review the Bill. sever exclusivelyy provincial legisl ature gives a provincial mandate to make changes or leave it as it stands. Provincial representatives enunciate back to the NCOP on their provincial decision. Then the selected committee negotiates the final variate of the Bill, to report their decision or suggested changes to the NCOP. The NCOP considers the report, vote on the Bill and for each one province has a vote. It there are any proposed changes to the Bill, the NCOP refers it back to the National Assembly for approval.If the Bill contains issues that do not affect the provinces (Section 75 Bill)The NCOP considers the Bill, whoremaster either accept, reject or propose changes by the Select Committee. Each member of the NCOP votes according to their party decision. If the NCOP makes any changes to the Bill, it is then referred back again to the National Assembly for approval.If there are still differences in the promise of the Bill, it fuck follow a mediation process. If this fails, the National Assembly can refer the Bill (Section 76 Bill) to the president to obtain a twain thirds majority. If this does not happen the Bill falls awayOnce both(prenominal) houses accepts the final version of the Bill, it is then send to the President to be write into an Act and law and then published in the Gazette. Once a law has been passed by the National Parliament it is up to the Provincial and Local Government on the implementation thereofThe Role, Powers and Function of the Local Government in law-makingAccording to Section 156(2) of the Constitution A municipality may make and administer by-laws for the military issueive administration of the matters which it has the right to administer. The elected members to the municipality influence on the policies and by-laws for their playing field that needs to be approved and executed by law. The executive committee of the local council is accountable to present the by-laws. A by-law can lonesome(prenominal) be passed if a majority vote in the municipal coun cil was achieved, all members received reasonable notice and it was published in to give notice public comment. It must be understandable to the public. A by-law can only be imposed if it was published in the provincial gazette.Municipalities can ready by-laws on matters that refer to chronicle 4B and agenda 5B of the Constitution which gives Local Government the power to create and pass laws. Municipalities can also make laws on issues allocated by the National or Provincial Government. These issues depend on the kinsfolk of the municipality to make these by-laws. A category A municipality is referred to as a metropolitan municipality, a category B municipality is identified as a local municipality and a category C is known as a soil municipality.A metropolitan municipality makes by-laws on all affairs as listed per enumeration 4B and 5B of the Constitution and has the ability to make by-laws delegated by the Provincial or National Government. These affairs include by-laws af fecting for example, air pollution, building regulations, local touristry and municipal planning, to name a few. These affairs are identified as catalogue 4B affairs. By-laws with regards to Schedule 5B is affairs that include display of billboards, keeping of cemeteries, licensing of dogs, markets and local abattoirs, to name a few.Local and district municipalities share the power to create by-laws. This has been controlled by the Municipal Structures Act. Section 84(1) of the Municipal Structures Act, states the powers and functions of the district municipality and obtained from Schedule 4B and Schedule 5B of the Constitution. According to Section 84(2) of the Municipal Structures Act, the local municipality has authority over all other local government matters not mentioned in section 84(1) in its jurisdiction. Examples are for instance on air pollution which is a Schedule 4B competency. A district municipality under section 84(1) has no power solely the local municipality unde r section 84(2) has full power in the area of jurisdiction. The district municipality has no powers under Section 84(1) with regards to beaches and amusement facilities under Schedule 5B, but the local municipality under section 84(2) has full powers in the area of jurisdiction.THE ROLE, POWERS AND FUNCTION OF THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT IN LAW MAKINGAll nine provinces have their own legislature ranging from 30 up to 80 members depending on the number of votes received by the political party. The provincial legislature is accountable for making and passing laws for its province. The provincial government tables provincial Bills under Schedule 5B of the Constitution. These Bills must be accepted by the executive council and then published in the Provincial Gazette for public commentary. The provincial laws requires ii thirds majority of the vote and are only operative in that specialized province. An example is the ban on cell phones while driving in the Western Cape. A Bill is prese nted by the Speaker of the provincial legislature. The stand up Committee can invite public hearing and after citation send a report to the provincial legislature. A vote is taken after the debate and the legislation is passed when a majority vote has reached. The Premier of the province has to sign the Bill into law. The Act then gets published and takes effect on the determined date.Provincial laws can be changed or interceded by Parliament if they challenge the interest of national or other provincial governments. According to the Constitution, provinces can have legislative and executive powers simultaneously with the national government over areas such as agriculture, cultural affairs, environmental issue, health services etc. Also, provinces has absolute proficiency over areas such as ambulance services, liquor licenses, provincial roads, planning and cultural matters

Persian Proverb Doubt Is The Key To Knowledge Philosophy Essay

Persian apothegm Doubt Is The Key To K instantaneouslyledge Philosophy EssayI take up been quite fascinated by the many changes that keep happening to what seems to be a certainty and realized that suspect has traditionally played a significant part in the philosophy of cognition. The ancient Greek philosophers debated the make love of noesis and the relevance of dubiousness. Plato depict knowledge as justified accepted belief1 the key word being belief which in itself is subject to interpretations by individuals. The famous French philosopher Renee Descartes tried to define knowledge in cost of certainty and in his arguments the path to certainty begins with doubt. In his book speculation 1 What can be called Doubt, he says I realised that it was necessary, once in the course of my life, to demolish everything completely and start a plus right- surpass(a) from the foundations if I wanted to establish anything at all in the sciences that was horse barn and wishly to l ast.2So is there any truth in the Persian saying Doubt is the Key to Knowledge? Is this purely an epistemo system of logical empty talk or will it hold true in beas of knowledge as diverse as science and arts?Nobel laureate and premiseing physicist, Ric badly Feynman described doubt in relation to science as follows Scientific knowledge is a body of statements of varying degrees of certainty - roughly most unsure, some almost sure, none exactingly certain. A strong parallel can be drawn between his statement and space look for. What made man shoot down on the slug around or explore the possibility of life on Mars? As a knower, I know that if we would non nurture doubted the probability that man could live on the moon, space expeditions to the moon would control stopped after the near life and death drama of Apollo 13. The Apollo3 serial of expeditions seemed to have established that the moon was completely uninhabitable because of its inability to possess water. The desire to know and doubting what was already known, led to the Indian unnerve space expedition to the moon. The Indian space craft Chandrayaan discovered traces of tripe on the moons surface. So, can man really live on the moon? Science generally relies on a set of deductive logic to eject their hypothesis. Euclids 2 dimensional geometry is a classic case of using modus ponens or deductive logic to prove conjectures or hypothesis. exhalation by this, one could easily argue as follows Man needs atomic number 8 and water to live. Water contains oxygen. Ice is formed from water. Ice has been found on the moon therefore, man can live on the moon.www.plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis/ modus ponens xenodochy.org/ term/popper.htmlwww.rep.routeledge.com/article/DA026SECT4www.space.com/8193-caused-apoll-13-accient.htmlPopper doubted this process of deductive truism and said it cannot prove a theory true every sentence. In his theory of refutal he argued that modus po nens is purely truth preserving and therefore a better alternative is modus tollens which uses the conditions of denying to falsify the assumption e.g. if P implies Q and Q is false, then P must also be false. Poppers falsification theory pointed out no scientific theory is ever conclusively verified, no matter how many tests it has survived4For example, Schizophrenia has all along been seen as a chronic relapsing psychotic disorder that primarily affects position and behaviour.5 A recent study by the University College of London has established by means of an experiment that in some cases, the perceptions of schizophrenic people is much accurate than those without schizophrenia. at that placefore a doubt is reachd whether schizophrenia is really a psychotic condition or atomic number 18 there other dimensions to it.Going by the argument that deductive knowledge doesnt always hold good, I can safely surmise that we do not have fit information to conclude that man can live on the moon and therefore to a greater extent questions need to be asked.On the other hand doubting every scientific fact leading to unnecessary research and information overload could lead to a situation of complete paralysis in our normal day to day life. For example, if we were to doubt that oxygen is a life giving substance, then it could lead to critical situations in health check emergencies.Similarly while dealing with society at large and friends and relatives in particular, if we were to doubt everything to seek more knowledge, we are most likely to get hold ourselves with very little knowledge and even fewer friends Peoples emotions, intentions and their behavioural traits like honesty, integrity, sincerity etcetera should not be doubted. There will be rare cases where people may want to deceive, but that by itself cannot lead to a doubt about people in general._____________________science.martinsewell.com/falsification.htmlpriory.com/schizo.htm.Shakespeare said If pract ice of medicine be the food of love, play on6.Wonderful as it sounds and probably not argued overly much, yet people have researched the effect that practice of medicine has on plants. There is one school of thought that believes and claims to have empirical data to prove that plants respond well to sedentary classical and akin(predicate) genre of music but they wilt under the influence of hard rock and similar music. Drawing a parallel with human life they argue that hard rock, metal etc is actually detrimental for human growth and therefore should be banned.Traditional botanists however argue that the so called empirical data found on research is purely coincidental and there is no correlation coefficient between music and growth of plants. They resort to another set of enjoin which shows that growth of plants is think to a number of factors that are not related to music such as condition of soil, temp, moisture content etc.On a third dimension, music itself has incompatibl e genres enjoyed by different people. Therefore is music also subject to perception or is it absolute? Does it really impact plant detrimentally or otherwise? If we doubt the basis of the claims and counterclaims and pursue with investigation from all angles, then, knowledge will work out and facts can be established.Science notwithstanding, art is abstract enough to create its own set of debates which normally focuses on the likes and dislikes of the perceiver. This leads me to wonder, if art and artistics are synonymous then to what extent is beauty a necessary share for something to be considered art? Platos theory of forms claimed that It is by beauty that beautiful things are beautiful. Immanuel Kant, an 18th century German philosopher on the other hand claimed that aesthetic experience is not a matter of understanding or reason, (and consequently not true knowledge), but is a matter of judgment Critique of Judgment.7 victorious this argument further, the flick by Eduord M anet8, Luncheon on the Grass, was hotly debated when it was commencement exercise exhibited in 1863. Most of all it was not viewed as an art, but as an affront to society. The painting, depicting a naked woman sitting amidst two fully clad men, all of whose images were contemporary and almost identifiable as one among the viewers, earned the painter the wrath of the critiques and masses. Yet an earlier painting by Thomas Coutre in 18479, Romans in The Decadence of the Empire picture a scene with Romans lying about with many naked women in various poses of sensuality. It appears to me, that a nude in classical settings such as the ancient Greek or Roman empires was considered acceptable but a nude in contemporary setting was not. Either way, the painting, known for its arguing today hangs as a masterpiece in the Musee D Oray in Paris.6. www.enotes.com/shaespeare-quotes/music-food-love-play7 www.creatorix.com.au/philosophy/t03/g010.html8 http//blog.photos2view.com/2008/05/27/art-an d-controversy.htm9 http//www.essentialart.com/acatalog/Edouard_Manet_prints_Luncheon_on_the_Grass.htmlAs a student of visual arts in IB, I was told that there are three staple colours red, lily-livered and blue. While using the electronic computer, trangely I found that the primary colours were red, green and blue, otherwise called the RGB format. So, what are the basic colours?The answer lay in the different mediums where they are used. Red, yellow and blue are primary colours which are used in while mergeing dyes to achieve other sunglasses and colours on a painting canvas.Red, green and blue are used where there are overlapping shades to be used while project on screens such as in LCD panels or monitors for computer screen. My doubt about the basic colours led me to seek excess information.The key to knowledge in this area of art was learning how to mix primary dyes in painting and this learning has been both experimental and experiential. winning the Platonist view that kno wledge is justified true belief, I can now reasonably claim to have knowledge that red and yellow if heterogeneous in equal ratios would give the colour orange or shades of orange.Whether the area of knowledge is science or arts, doubts and questions remain. Some answered with a sound amount of justification which points to a probable definitive answer base on information available at that point in time and others remain unresolved leading to further doubts.Therefore the question is knowledge absolute or is it infinite? We can never know unless we doubt all knowledge leading us to seek more and more information.The downside do we doubt everything in life or should we accept some events as empirical realities. The answer? It is situational.At the end, as a knower, when I look at the word doubt I can safely say that the Persian saying Doubt is the Key to Knowledge is not just an epistemological rhetoric it is indeed a means to gain more knowledge. In the words of H L Mencken an influential source and critic of the 20th century, Men become civilized, not in proportion to their willingness to believe, but in proportion to their readiness to doubt.9___________________________www.leopoldsegedin.com/essay_detail_mona_lisas_smile.cfmwww.notable-quotes.com/d/doubt_quotes.html

Impact Of The Monetary Policies

Impact Of The Monetary PoliciesIntroductionThrough a literature re facial expression, this chapter aims to seek the impact of the monetary policies and regulatings on imprecate encounters and their trading operations in Zimbabwe. Section 2.1 bequeath give a brief over view of Zimbabwe and Section 2.2 go away discuss the Zimbabwean thrift. Section 2.3 will abstract a background on the rationale of pecuniary regulation by means of the exploration of the Basle deal out II. In section 2.4, fiscal regulation in Zimbabwe and its influence to the scrimping will be examined. An overview of the avering organisation and the type of jeopardizes it is unfastened to will be considered in section 2.5. Section 2.6 will explore the Zimbabwean bordering scheme and its major ch solelyenges similarly contacting these to the visits pecuniary regulation. In section 2.7 the author discusses Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) which is an interconnected and holistic happen steer ing framework that organisations argon encouraged to engross as a qualifying focus strategy for managing ventures. Section 2.8 will finally summarise this chapter.Overview of ZimbabweZimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia) is a landlocked land in south Africa. It lies in the midst of the Zambezi River which in the north and the Limpopo River in the south. Its neighbouring countries be Zambia, South Africa, Mozambique and Botswana. Zimbabwes corking city, Harare, is located in the northeast part of the country (Coltart 2008).Zimbabwe gained its emancipation from Britain in 1980 after a long strengthened struggle led by the leading party, Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front cognize as ZANU-PF, (Makumbe, 2002). It has a population of 13,349,00 people with a gross inborn product that is estimated to live with fallen by rough 14% in 2008 due to economic disruptions caused by hyperinflation and the further deterioration in the business enterprise climate (World cant 200 8).The prudence of ZimbabweChitiga (2004) contends that agriculture die hards a fundamental occasion in the economic performance of Zimbabwe. The agricultural vault of heaven is all important(predicate) to the economic system for several reasons (Christiansen 1993).In the 1980s, it was the major employer, employing a total of over 70% of the countrys population. The vault of heaven sustains to be a major employer to this day. In Zimbabwe, droughts continue to be a major problem and raises concern closely solid food security (Chitiga 2004). hitherto despite the ever changing weather patterns touch the agriculture sector in Zimbabwe, Coltart (2004) melodys that agriculture the mainstay of the economy was all but destroyed by the governmentally expedient and violent land reform program initiated by the ZANU PF administration in 2000.Collapse of Zimbabwean economy Coorey et al( 2007) reasons that, while the sign output collapse is liberally attributed to the higgled y-piggledy seizure of commercial farms in Zimbabwe which is the backbone of the economy, separate factors take away in like manner contributed in new-fashioned years to the countys collapse which include 1) proud and accelerating inflation of 230 000 000% in 2008, 2) price distortions due to extensive sees and regulation, particularly relating to the flip rate which is fixed by the diffidence lingo of Zimbabwe (RBZ) at a highly overvalued rate, 3) the collapse of investor confidence due to unpredict adequate to(p) policies and lack of remark for befittingty rights, particularly in agriculture and mining and 4) minimal outside financing because of ugly relations with creditors and donors and deteriorating economic and social conditions.(Munoz 2006, Dore et al 2008, Hanke 2008) fence that the RBZs polices much(prenominal) as shanghaiing of property, quasi-fiscal activities by the RBZ, hit specifically caused the economic in stability in Zimbabwe. The consensus amongs t these authors is that the countrys government policies alongside with the substitution confide fix played a major social manipulation in ca apply hyperinflation which rose to 230 000 000% in 2008. Coltart (2004) high high spiritss that the government is chiefly trusty for an economic meltdown. Muponda (2008) nones that Zimbabwes inflation was driven higher by the central banks lack of independence from the government. therefore the banks policies digest been primarily dictated by the government. The RBZ has been forced to be financier of first choice and literally print money to fund its the quasi fiscal activities.. The challenges faced by Zimbabwe have been contributed by confused factors including, the land reform programme in 2000 (Coorey et al 2007), governmental unrest in the country which has isolated the country from the ball-shaped community through sanctions and withdrawal of investments and international business community. Research by Cukierman (2001) and the IMF (1996) advert that countries lowstandinged greater autonomy to their central banks also experienced take down average inflation whilst those economies where there is no central bank independence have higher inflation rates. The influence of the government on the RBZ has resulted in the bank implementing unorthodox monetary practices such as printing of money which has fuelled hyperinflation.Hanke (2008) refers to hyperinflation as the hallmark of Zimbabwes economic collapse. The state of the Zimbabwean economy has undergone, major varietys with major economic and political reforms implemented by government officials to restore the economic soundness of the country in the year 2009. There is the use of multi currencies in the country as the economy was officially vaulting horseized by the central bank in February 2009 resulting in the removal of the local gold (RBZ 2009). Since the adoption of multiple currencies, deposits into the banking system have grown to US$705.7 one thousand thousand by 3 June 2000 (Government of Zimbabwe 2009). Already, the economy is on a recovery line as reflected by macro-economic stability, inflation reduction, enhanced capacity utilisation, resulting in improve supply of goods and operate as well as boilersuit building business confidence (Biti 2009).fiscal Regulation Effective regulation is of fundamental importance for the economic performance of each sector in the economy to minimal brain dysfunctionress marketplace failure (Jalilian et al 2003). The mishaps and failure of large integrated institutions in the monetary sector have caught the attention of regulators, who have taken a more(prenominal) stringent regulative progress in the pecuniary sector. In recent years, a number of pecuniary crises have brought about a large number of bank failures (Casu et al 2006), such as Barings rim in 1995 and Northern Rock in 2007. Likewise the banking crises in the early 1980s and early 1990s have shown that banks experience problems which defecate a potential threat to depositors, investors and the safety of the pains with unpleasant consequences for the economy as a whole (Caprio and Klingebiel 2003). Financial regulation focuses on the factors that are essential to the stability and well being of the financial sector (Stewart 2001).The expertness of banks to contagion creates systemic endangerment which is the encounter that disturbances in a financial institution or market will spread across the financial system (Heffernan 2005). It is the role of the central bank to implement measures to shield the countrys economy from being affected by the results of the crises. Stiglitz (2000) contends that the aim of regulators is to derogate the possibility of a breakdown in the financial sector and keep back any adverse effects on the long term harvest-home rate in the economy. In some instances government have had to delivery banks to avoid the crises from spreading to some fo rmer(a) banks and affecting depositors as well.. Restrictions on bank activities, adventure adjusted stripped-down majuscule requirement, direct intervention of managers decisions are collar basic devices that can be applied by regulators to control bank risks (Fenandez and Gonzalez 2005). nominal crown requirementsVarious authors (Besanko and Kanatas 1996, Calem and Rob 1999) however argue that regulations such as minimum capital requirements are likely to gain the risk taking behaviour of banks. According to Kendall (1992) higher capital requirements may cause riskier bank behaviour at some point in conviction, although it does not necessarily imply a trend towards a riskier banking system. Beatty and Gron (2001) guide that capital regulatory variables have significant effects for low-capital banks but not necessarily for other banks. Studies by Barth et al. (2004) also indicate that while more stringent capital requirements are associated with fewer non performing cont ributes, capital tightness is not robustly tie in with banking crises or bank increment or efficiency when controlling for other supervisory and regulatory policies.Bank RegulationsBank authorities regularly attempt to pull ahead bank soundness by imposing restrictions on banks activities (Constantin et al, 2006). In their research, Constantin et al (2006) found that restricting bank activities is negatively associated with bank development and stability. Barth et al. (2001) found that greater regulatory restrictions on bank activities are associated with higher probability of suffering a major banking crisis, and lower banking sector efficiency. Lascelles (2005) adds that a survey removeed by Pricewaterhouse Coopers found that overweening regulation was seen as the greatest risk facing the financial sector. However in contrast to this, Fernandez and Gonzalez (2005) indicate that stricter restrictions on bank activities are telling at reducing banking risk. It would appear ov erall that restrictions on banking activities forms as a basis of ensuring that banks do not divert from their core business and conduct sound banking practices.Basle AccordIt is because of problems such as the financial crises that the Basle Accord II emphasises on the supervisory role of the regulator. In June 1999, the Basle Committee on Banking direction made its long anticipated announcement to introduce a tonic capital accord to introduce a new capital adequacy framework to replace the 1988 Accord (Ong 2005). This framework was then finalised in June 2004. Cai and Wheale (2007) note that this framework is designed to improve risk focal point by using models based on past performance to help set the tot of capital banks are required to detain by regulators with the purpose of meliorate the efficiency of the global allocation of capital. Efforts were made to initiate the new Accord as the first accord of 1988 was highly criticised for its shortcomings. risk.The new accord seeks to bruise the problems of the 1988 framework focusing on collar pillars (Basel Committee 2005).Pillar 1 sets out the minimum regulatory capital requirement that is the amount of capital banks mustiness hold against risks. This is intended to cover market risk, credit risk and operative risk.Pillar 2 defines the process for supervisory review of an institutions risk commission framework and, ultimately, its capital adequacy. This pillar points out responsibilities for the mount and aged management, emphasising on internal control corporal governance practices established by regulatory bodies in various countries worldwide. Sironi and Zazzara (2003) argue that this pillar gives regulators the right to natter and supervise the activities of banks to ensure that they are adhering to the requirements of the frameworkPillar 3 focuses on market discipline. In order to improve the transparency of banks to counterparties and investors, banks will be required to disclose det ailed information on their risk visibility and capital adequacy (Gordy and Howells 2006).The benefits of the Basle II are noted in the three pillars, as there will be enhanced disclosure, transparency and this will improve on banks risk management processes. Cai and Wheale (2005), site that banks will withdraw to collect and disclose new information and face the implications of increased transparency. Cai and Wheale (2005) add that more information will help enable banks to improve overall risk management which in turn is expected to prompt improvements in bodily governance, transparency and the value of disclosure. Ong (2005), supports this and says that Basle II is very important and it is about improving risk management within the financial industry by providing the correct incentives for better corporate governance and fostering greater transparency.The Basle accord on the other hand is criticised for some of its shortfalls. For example the fact that the be of Basle II are s ignificantly high in terms of executing and continuing basis in the long run (Gordon 2004). Banks lose their flexibility, intromission and development are interrupted. Due to the fact that limited resources are available, umteen risk managers will spend a long period of snip on interpreting regulations, implementing the solutions and then justifying the output to supervisors (Smith and Walter 2003). Hence little time will be available for innovation and development. The compliance with laws and regulations is not able to help banks avoiding all risks.Zimbabwean Financial RegulationThe Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe is responsible for the formulation execution of instrument and monitoring of the monetary form _or_ system of government say at ensuring low and electrostatic inflation levels (Reserve Bank Act). The RBZ does not, however have the operational independence in carrying out this responsibility, as it is required by statute to consult the Ministry of Finance (Dore 2008). Th is has resulted in the RBZ operational from the executive arm of the government instead of adhering to a binding effective mandate (World Bank 2007). Bade and Parkin (1982) note that political independence is defined essentially as the ability of the central bank to select its policy objectives without the influence from the government. A central bank is said to be independent of its monetary policy if it is not influenced by political cycles or by the preferences of politicians (Eljffinger and de Haan 1996). The RBZs policies have been influenced by Zimbabwean political authorities therefore the bank has been absentminded central bank independence. Another core function of the RBZ is to maintain stable banking system through its charge and lender of last resort functions. stockpile 2003 monetary polices and regulationThe turning point in Zimbabwean financial services sector was marked by the appointment of the new central bank governor in 2003. During this period the governor issued a monetary policy and financial regulations which sought to minimise non-core banking activities practiced by banking institutions (Dore 2008). The other objectives were to instil market discipline and improve corporate governance and risk management systems. As a result of the RBZs severe supervisory efforts, various banking institutions experienced liquidity and solvency challenges. Consequently, nine financial institutions were placed under curatorship whilst 3 were liquidated. Banks currently face risk management challenges, economic and political suspiciousties and new regulatory requirements emanating from the RBZ regulations and unstable political environment (Muponda 2008).The RBZ governor, notes in the 2009 monetary policy (Government of Zimbabwe 2009) that prior to 2003, an adverse macroeconomic environment, weak supervisory onsetes, and regulatory forbearance gave rise to a number of fundamental flaws in the operations of banks. These included 1) a shift from cor e banking business to speculative transactions, 2) holler of bank holding company structures to evade regulation, 3) poor corporate governance, risk management practices and insider dealing, 4) rapid local and regional expansion with no proper internal controls, and adequate capacity and 5) disregard of prudential laws and regulations. Smith and Walter (2003) suggest that the fundamental objective of regulators is to develop frameworks and guidelines that will further strengthen the stability of banking system. This objective is achieved in promoting the adoption of these frameworks in banks. To enhance the supervisory process, the RBZ has authentic and issued guidelines for the banking sector in order to address operational and structural deficiencies ordinary in the financial sector, (Government of Zimbabwe 2009). These guidelines are shown below in table 1.Basel II executingThe Basel II implementation in Zimbabwean banking industry is dummy up in its preliminary stages. A su rvey by Ernest and Young in 2005 (Lescellos 2005) shows that many banks in developed countries have come up with implementation programmes of Basle II whilst in developing countries implementation is still at the initial stages. This survey is confirmed by evidence of the current implementation placement in Zimbabwe. The current guidelines setup by regulators in Zimbabwe is that all banking institutions must effectivey adopt standardised hailes for allocation of capital for risk (credit, market and operational). However a technical guidance on Basle II implementation in Zimbabwe will be issued in due course to contribute a road map and expert guidance on full Basle II implementation in the country, (Monetary Policy 2009).This shows how slow the progress has been in the full implementation of the framework in Zimbabwe, and could be the cause of the major problems faced by countrys the banking industry. Cai and Wheale (2005) however report that sentiency and preparation for Basel II in the emerging markets and developing countries has increased significantly over the past two years.Banking SectorIt is widely accepted that the banking system has a unique position in the national economy (Heffernan 2005). A banking system that is able to operate efficiently is of crucial importance to any economy (Quagliariello 2002). The banking system must not only be efficient in carrying its role as an intermediary in the financial market but it must also be economically robust to endure adverse shocks such as a major policy change to economic downturn. Traditional functions of banks include lend money to borrowers and taking deposits. They play a financial intermediary role of providing loans to borrowers and collecting deposits from savers (Casu et al, 2006). Poorly operating banking systems can impede economic growth, intensify poverty and destabilise the economy. These poor operations can be due to banks with brusk risk management processes (Stiglitz 2000).Banking RisksThe nature of banking activities eposes banks to the following risks Due to the nature of banking activities, they are ex represent to various risks. These credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational and immaterial exchange risk. source riskThe Basle Committee on Banking watchfulness (2000) define credit risk as the potential that a borrower or counterparty will fail to happen upon its obligations in accordance with greater terms. Credit risk is associated with the traditional bring activity of banks and it is simply described as the risk of a loan being repaid in part or full (Casu et al, 2006).Liquidity riskThis is the possibility that a bank will be unable to accumulate its liquid liabilities because of unexpected withdrawals of deposits. An unexpected liquidity shortage means that the bank is not only unable to meet its liability obligations but also unable to fund its illiquid asset (Matthews and Thompson 2008)Interest rate riskFinancial intermediaries are potentially exposed to elicit rate risk because of the mate between the adulthood, or time to repricing of their assets and liabilities (Faff and Howard, 1999). The interest rate sensitivity exhibited by a financial institution will depend, in part, on the approaching which its management adopts to controlling risk.Operational riskThe Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in 2003, recommended the correct determination of the risks to which a banking organization is subject. This concerns, in particular, operational risks, which are all those management events that may determine unexpected losings (Cornalba and Guidici 2005). The New Basle Accord (2000) defines operational risks as the risk of qualifying resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events (such as political and economic factors), including legal risk but not strategic and paper risk. Market riskAccording to Matthews and Thompson (2008), market risk is the possibil ity of loss over a given period of time cerebrate to uncertain movement in market risk factors such as interest rates, currencies equities and commodities. abroad exchange riskExchange rates may change rapidly which exposes firms to opposed exchange rate risk, which is the risk that losses may arise from rises or falls in the value of a silver in terms of the national currency. Eichenbam and Evans (1995) suggest that there is a link between monetary policies and outside exchange rates. Contractionary shocks to monetary policies are followed by sharp persistent increases in exchange rates, which ultimately results in foreign exchange rate risk.Other risks that affect banks include strategic, regulatory and legal and compliance riskThere is a clear sense that risk exposure of the financial system has increased by changes that have taken place (Hellwig 1995). Casu et al (2006) notes that changes such as deregulation, conglomeration, and globalisation have posed serious risk challe nges. Calomiris and Maso (2003) emphasise that the risk taking behaviour of banks affects financial and economic fragility. In turn regulators have undertaken greater efforts of regulation to impose new risk management standards to shape bank risk (Elsinger et al 2002). In compliance to this banks have improved their risk management systems. Examples of other regulatory reforms advocating for risk management frameworks are the Sarbanes Oxely Act of 2002, the Basle Accord II and the Committee of Sponsoring Organisations of the Treadway Commissions (COSO) Enterprise Risk Management of 2004.Zimbabwe banking sectorThe Zimbabwe financial sector consists of the Reserve bank, brush off houses, commercial banks, merchant banks, finance houses, building societies, a development bank and the Post office savings bank, insurance companies, aid funds and a stock exchange, (Dore 2008). There are currently 28 banking institutions in Zimbabwe, cardinal commercial banks, six merchant banks, three discount houses,4 discount houses and one development bank. All banks are licensed by the RBZ and modulate under the Zimbabwe Banking Act of 1999.Zimbabwes financial services sector has witnessed phenomenal growth since economic deregulation in 1991 (Muranda 2006). During the period of 1991 to 2003 new domestic banks entered, financial sector. New Innovations and development have been witnessed with the introduction of new products and services within the sector. Table 1.2 below shows the banking sectors growth trend from 19992 to 2004 of financial.However the banking sector has been gripped with many challenges, which began to surface during the period of the land seizures in 2000. These policies created extremely herculean economic and political challenges for the banking industry. The IMF (2006) argues that events in the banking sector have been concurrently influenced by political factors.. The situation was heightened in 2003 by the new regulations set by the appointed RBZ g overnor. It was reported by Voice of America (2004) that at to the lowest degree six of Zimbabwes new commercial banks are were in trouble. It linked this distress to the governments new monetary policy announced in declination 2003, in which the central bank vowed to stop speculation in the Zimbabwe dollar and related instruments.Biti (2009) in the Zimbabwean fiscal policy points out that between 2000 and 2008, the financial sector has severely been undermined by inconsistent macro-economic policies, negative veritable interest rates, massive capital flight and erosion of deposits. Overall, the financial sectors match sheets were reduced to less than 25% of their 2004 value, reflecting an erosion of the real value of financial assets and liabilities in Zimbabwe dollars (World Bank 2005). In order to remain afloat, most banks have had to downsize their operations by closing some branches, especially those in the outlying(prenominal) service centres, leaving about 65% of the popu lation without access to banking services. The homespun areas were particularly affected by this. Factors that have influenced liquidity risks include familiar ad hoc changes in interest rates by the RBZ, lengthening of maturity of treasury bills at highly negative interest rates (IMF 2008). Foreign exchange risk in the banking sector has increased because of the dominance of foreign currency transactions (Hanke 2008).Dhiwayo (2004) reports that, prior to the introduction of the new monetary policy in December 2003, the Zimbabwean banking sector was characterised by poor corporate governance and risk management systems, high levels of insider abuse through assessed loans to related parties (often relatives and friends), overindulgence in speculative non-core banking activities, inadequate capitalisation, lax prudential supervision and regulatory forbearance. This report highlights that three financial institutions were placed under village whilst nine were placed under the admini stration of a curator. In light of this the central bank adopted a framework known as the Troubled Bank Resolution Framework (RBZ 2004) to effectively deal with banks experiencing problems. They observe objectives of this framework were to 1) restore stability of the financial sector, 2) strengthen the banking system and promote sound banking practices, 3) develop permanent solutions for roiled banking institutions and 4) promote economic development and growth.The Zimbabwe Allied Banking group was formed in 2005 which was amalgamation of the some of the troubled banks. Dollarisation of the economyOver the years the financial sector has been experiencing various challenges such as, cash shortage, foreign currency black markets, abolition of notes and coins and the use of holder cheques, loss of confidence in the banking system by depositors and the most powerful factor which is inflation. Many depositors have lost their savings.Prior to 2009, the Zimbabwean economy had been unof ficially dollarised. Unofficial dollarisation occurs when people hold much of their financial riches in foreign assets even though foreign currency is not a legal tender. It can include the holding of foreign bonds and other non-monetary assets, foreign-currency deposits (either abroad or domestically), and foreign notes (paper money) in wallets, under mattresses, and in safe-deposit box boxes, (Hanke, 2008). However in the January 2009 monetary policy, the RBZ governor approved that all sectors in the economy can operate in foreign currency and that lending will be two tier, that is in local currency and foreign currency. Dollarisation has the effect of moderating the adverse effects of inflation on financial intermediaries balance sheets (Ize et al 2004). This It could be argued that this two tier market system exposes banks to credit risk (in the form of settlement risk and default risk).Minimum capital requirementsA capital verification exercise conducted by the Reserve Bank in January 2009 indicated that of the twenty eight (28) banking institutions operating in the country, fifteen were found to be in compliance with the minimum capital requirements whilst three are marginally below, with the remaining ten being undercapitalised. Capital regulation is motivated principally by the concerns that a bank may hold less capital than is socially optimal to its riskiness and negative externalties (Rime 2001). Chiuri et al (2002) considers that the enforcement of capital requirements has had a negative effect on the supply of bank loan over a period of time and the effect tends to be stronger for initially less capitalised banks. The adverse impact of more stringent minimum capital requirements has been somewhat smaller on foreign owned banks than it has on domestic banks (Clarke et al 1999).Enterprise Risk ManagementA recent trend in risk management has been the development of an integrated, enterprise wide approach to assessing the business risks that can impa ct an organisation to achieve its objectives and to develop programmes for managing those risks (Miccolis et al 2001). In contrast to the traditional silo approach to managing risk, the ERM approach requires that a company-wide approach be taken in identifying, assessing, and managing risk, (Liebenberg and Hoyt, 2003). ERM enables firms to benefit from an integrated approach to managing risk that shifts the focus of the risk management function from primarily antisubmarine to increasingly offensive and strategic (Bies 2004). Various risk management bodies have been influenced by the proposals of ERM.COSO (2004), defines ERM asA process, effected by an entitys board of directors, management and other personnel, applied in strategy setting and across the enterprise, designed to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risk to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives.The common method of risk ma nagement has been known to treat risks separately. Under this approach according to Lam (1997), Cumming and Hirtle (2001), various categories of risk are managed separately in one-on-one risk silos. Liebenberg and Hoyt, (2003) also criticise the traditional risk management approach as a highly disaggregated method of managing firm risks. An enterprise-wide approach to risk management treats each of these risk classes as part of the firms overall risk portfolio that is managed holistically.Kleffner et al (2003) observes that financial institutions often manage risks in individual risk silos. To manage risk on an enterprise wide basis, banks must expand their focus beyond traditional concepts to include economic and political factors along with risks related to reputation, ethics and data integrity (Pricewaterhouse Coopers 2002). It is therefore important in this research to examine how banks have adopted their risk management framework having considered political and economic factor s affecting Zimbabwean bank s. Although ERM is increasing, not as many institutions have implemented it (Walker et al 2002). This may be due to lack of knowledge on its benefits, lack of commitment from board of directors, lack of experienced and qualified risk personnel , a corporate culture that discourages ERM and inadequate systems and technology (COSO 2004).Lam (2007) encourages banks to adopt an ERM programme careless(predicate) of their level of sophistication in risk management. He identifies three reasons why banks should adopt ERM 1.) banks face complex risks that are highly interdependent, and an ERM framework enables a bank to manage all major risks and their interdependencies, 2) an ERM framework provides the overall computer architecture for a banks risk management programme and 3) empirical research and industry surveys have indicated that there are clear business benefits for adopting an ERM programme.Liebenberg and Hoyt, (2003) observe that ERM benefits firms by de creasing earnings and stock-price volatility, reducing external capital costs, increasing capital efficiency, and creating synergies between different risk management activities. It would appear that ERM helps an organisation to function as a whole or one system as various units dependant on each other. This enables risk management to be implemented fully as risks are consolidated and not tempered separately.Influencers of ERMThe trend toward the adoption of ERM programs is usually attributed to a combination of external and internal factors. The major exter

Thermal Energy Conversion Essay -- physics energy power renewable powe

The demand for an efficient renewable efficacy bloodline is a driving force in ongoing research. Thermal brawn conversion is one such potential source that is under uninterrupted investigation and has endless avenues of possibility. The devil requirements of expertness production are efficiency and renewability. Many possibilities exist for energy production including Fossil Fuels (natural gas, oil, coal, oilshale), nuclear, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and wastes, & hydroelectric. Efficiency of the recitation of these resource are directly related to the location and the demand in that location. For example Hawaii is a prime candidate for the use of the oceans machinelike wave action, the thermal slope of the ocean, wind, and biomass from the high levels of plant growth. The demand for some other energy source comes from Hawaiis dependence on oil that has to be seizureed there. oceanic Thermal Energy ConversionOcean Thermal Energy Conversion(OTEC) is the utilizatio n of the energy sto ruby-red in the worlds oceans by the thermal gradient created. The thermal gradient is the difference of the surface temperature of the ocean that is heating systemed via solar energy and the pee at depths of significantly colder temperatures. This thermal gradient is the energy source that is converted to usable energy by OTEC plants. The idea for using the oceans thermal energy is credited to several visionaries including Jacques DArsonval, a French Engineer, in 1881. The temperature difference ask for an OTEC plant is about 36 deg F (20 deg C). Temperature differences of this amount are promptly available in many locations in the world. The areas depicted in red on the above map produce the best areas for OTEC sites due to the stablility of tippy weather throughout t... ...ntially be exploited for one of the municipalities that stand beside the phone line?Arctic North Slope Borough - 179.2 mi.Fairbanks North Star Borough - 89.1 mi.City of Delta conjunc tion - 5.5 mi.City of Valdez - 20.8 mi.Could the pipeline at least help to power one of the ten pump stations located along its winding running?It is not likely that the heat exchange in either of the two above systems would produce a sufficient enough amount of energy to produce electricity. The temperature of the oil as it is extracted is approximately 160 F and the flowing temperature approximately 140 F. These temperatures need to be maintained for the oil to reside in a viscous enough state to be transport with some amount of efficiency. This inquiry into the potential use of excess heat being produced as a by-product does however open the doorstep to other possibilities.

Comparing Effects of the Restricted Carbohydrate Diet and Non-restricte

Comparing Effects of the dependent Carbohydrate Diet and Non-restricted Carbohydrate Diet It is recommended by Grosvenor and Smolin in sustainment From Science to Life, that if one decides to get weight, one should consider the contents of the aliment consumed and incorporate a daily fare routine. There are quadruple studies to support the idea that a diet that includes a low spending of carbohydrate and a high consumption of risques, also known as the Atkins Diet, will cause one to feel less wide awake compared to others who will include carbohydrate as one of the main sustenance groups in their diet. Participants in a excogitate conducted by Wells and indicate in 1996 concluded that they felt significantly less energetic and much fatigue and nauseated after consuming a low-carbohydrate and high-fat meal compared to participants who had a meal that contained 50- 60% carbohydrates. In addition a similar study conducted by Lloyd, Green, and Rogers in 1994 also concluded that a high fat meal causes participants in their study to report more negative feelings. Participants inform that although they felt that they had consumed enough food to satisfy their hunger they also report that they felt less energetic and their overall moods shows more anxiety, despair, stress and raise compared to other participants who consumed a moderate amount of fat. Scientists believe the reports of negative moods such as the anxiety, despair, or lack of strength in dieters consuming a carbohydrate-restricted diet may be caused by a physiological author in the brain. The brain, amongst other organs of the body, uses the components of carbohydrates as its main resource for energy therefore when dieters restrict the... ...rate and high-fat dieters reported that exercising was not helping them lose weight. Comparison of mood, energy levels, and evaluations of exercise routine differed amid dieters consuming a restricted- carbohydrate diet, also known as the Atkins die t, and the dieters who consumed a non-restricted carbohydrate diet shows that dieters consuming a moderate amount of carbohydrates and fat were more fit with their diet plan. The reports of mood and energy level directly affect the evaluations of the exercise routine. This comparison exemplifies two important causal concepts (1) the direct relationship between diet and the ability to exercise to the ones fullest capability and (2) the immenseness of moderation of carbohydrates consumed in a diet to fuel the brain with equal energy and provide the muscles with enough energy.