Contemporary Issues in Work and Occupations: Precarious Employment Essay

Employment is of various forms. An employee can work on temporary terms, permanent terms, under contract terms, or under subcontract terms. In temporary employment terms, there are the temporary employment relationships. Contract and subcontract terms of employment are defined under certain rights and responsibilities that are specified under the labor law to govern the agreement terms of the two parties. In contract or subcontract employment, an individual is engaged to carry out a specified set of tasks with the employer and employee having a relationship whose establishment is based on a written employment contract specifying the employment terms and conditions. A defined length of employment is set including the salary, bonuses, and any other benefits that are likely to accrue to the employee under the contract. In temporary employment, the employment is specified within a given time in the same case of contract and subcontract employment. The worker may hardly work for other businesses until the specified time elapses, but they can work full time or part time. The two cases of employment can be compared and contrasted as well as pointing out how they connect in some way. In contract employment, a contractor is engaged by a business to provide a task within a given duration of time. A decent contractual agreement involves the defined terms of payment, all benefits, any bonuses, and the terms of works, which sometimes may hardly apply especially in precarious employment. In a decent or high rated contract, the specific role to be played by the contract employee is defined clearly, before the contract starts. All contract employees are usually engaged for a specified term but the conditions of work in the case of precarious employment contractual terms are poor and unfavorable in many aspects such as poor salaries, few or no benefits, and poor employee relationships (Irs. gov, 2013). Sometimes the contract could have a provision for a renewal but only under circumstances that are specified under the contract agreement if an agreement applies effectively. In precarious cases of contract employment, contractual agreements may hardly play key roles in ensuring employee freedom. At the same time, the lengths and terms of contract engagements varies from one organization or employer to another but the term is typically associated with tackling a specified task or defined to work for a specified length of time, mostly in terms of years. In terms of the payments, precarious employment contracts receive less payments that they would require given the chance to dictate their compensations. The agreement in a high contract employment specifies the exact amount as well as the manner in which the contract employee would be paid by the employer. This aspect of employee determination on the compensations to be provided hardly applies to precarious employment contract employees. In precarious employment, conditions of employment are poor and could be caused high completion of employment and the unwillingness of organizations to offer permanent employment. Organizations in this case also want to avoid risks associated with taking full responsibility of workers and thus cut on their costs and risks by making use of low paid contract employees. Sometimes provisions are set in the contract employment terms that include cases of having to include salary increments at various milestones, which are usually set forth in the contract agreement for most contractors. The contractor in high-level contract employments is hardly entitled to salary increments or additional benefits, which may not have been included in the contact agreement before the start of the contract activity (McKendrick, 2005). Any increments or additional benefits would require an amendment done on the contract. The amendment of the contract can only take place if the two parties establish consent to do it. In contract employment, breaching the contract would call for a lawful consideration of the contractual agreement. The employer may terminate the contract prematurely but he or she would be required by law to pay the contractor the full amount of money in terms of salary, benefits, and bonuses as specified in the contract agreement terms and conditions (McKendrick, 2005). Sometimes the contract employee may engage in misconduct resulting to termination of the contract by the employer in which case the employer may fail to pay the amount specified in the contract terms and conditions. This case of considering the terms and conditions hardly apply to precarious employment contracts given that most of the contract employees are more careful with the terms and conditions provided by their employer. The high possibility of losing the contract to another individual makes it hard for a contract worker in precarious employment conditions mess up in his or job task. The willingness of a contract worker in precarious employment conditions is hardly driven by the salary but rather the condition of life and lack of option to worker elsewhere. Contract employment can be of two major forms of contractors. A contractor can be either a contact employee or an independent contractor. A contract employee is termed to be an employee of a certain business or an organization (Peck, & Theodore, 2002). Many case of precarious employment contract employ workers who are contact employees. On the other hand, and independent contractor works in free style and engages in providing service for a particular organization or business while working as high leveled contractors. Contract employment involves a direct link with the employer unlike the case of subcontract employment whereby the subcontractor depends on the general contractor for employment. The case of direct link to employers is however hardly prominent in the case of poor working conditions associated with some contract employments. Precarious conditions for contract employment provide limited connection between the workers and top managements. Most of the working conditions are similar to the cases of temporary employment and the relationships in precarious employment contracts are similar to those of temporary working employees (Armstrong, Pat & Kate, 2006). Like in the case of contract employment, subcontract employment involves various types of subcontractors. One of the various types of subcontractors is domestic subcontractor whose obligation is to contract with the general or main contractor in supplying or fixing materials, goods, or executing work thereby forming part of the core contract. The general contractor employs the domestic subcontractors. A nominated subcontractor creates a permit to an architect or supervising officer in serving the final selection right as well as approval of subcontractors. In this case, the main contractor is given permission to make profits from hiring nominated subcontractors, but he or she is required to provide attendance information. In the case of nominated subcontract employment, direct contractual relationship is established between the client and subcontractor of a given task (McKendrick, 2005). A subcontractor ould be a named contractor who contracts with a general contractor in supplying or fixing materials, goods, or could be involved in executing tasks thereby forming a section of the core contract. It is challenging to determine whether an individual offering service to an organization is an employee or a contractor who is very independent. Some contractors are employees and could portray the same characteristics as in the case of temporary employment relationships who work under poor conditions, poor compensations, and unfavorable employer-employee relationships. The similarity in this case may reduce a person who is seen as a contractor to a temporary employee but in some case, precarious employment contracts are seen to be worse than temporary employment relationships (Kalleberg, Barbara, & Hudson, 2000). In the case of an employee under precarious contract employment conditions, the employer is expected to withhold income taxes, provide payments on social security fund, pay Medicare taxes, and provide unemployment taxes on employees’ wages. In the case of independent contractors, the employer can hardly withhold their income taxes or even do payment taxes on to them. Contract employment could sometime be considered as self-employments just like the case of one being the owner of a business or a contractor providing services to another business firm although in precarious employment conditions, contract employees can hardly term themselves as self-employed. In this case, one has own obligations on taxes and other deductions from their incomes (Flippen, & Chenoa A2012). In an organization, determinations of how payments would be treated on offered services have to be initiated from the relationship existing between the organization or employers and the people offering services (Armstrong, Pat & Kate, 2006). Differentiating an independent contractor from a contract employee would call for looking at all information providing evidence on the worker independence and the organization’s degree of controlling the worker. Degree of control or independence of the worker can be established from behavioral aspects, financial aspects, as well as the type of relationship existing between the worker and the organization or employer. In case the company has no control, over whatever the worker is doing, and how he or she does the task, it implies that the type of employment is contract employment whose conditions are hardly attractive to a real contractor or someone willing to work under permanent employment terms. Again, if the worker’s business aspects are hardy controlled by the organization or the payer, including the way the worker would be paid, expense reimbursements, tool, and equipment provision, then the worker is an independent contractor. An independent contractor also seems to have little or no relationship with the organization or employer. The employer has no power over what the contractor does given that any mistakes are taken to be a liability to the contractor (McKendrick, 2005). The employer only waits for the task accom0lishment in order to place his comments or point any disagreements with the contractor. The employer is therefore hardly allowed to take part in making decisions on the way the contractor does his or her job but he or she does in precarious cases of contract employment. The financial control over a worker, the relationship between the worker and the employer or organization, and behavior of the worker are aspects that distinguish between an employee and an independent contractor. It comes out that, in the contract and subcontract employments, workers have control over their way of performing tasks including the payments terms as well as the time duration they can perform a given task or a set of activities. In some cases, an independent contractor may perform a given task within a shorter time than the provided time, but still earn the same amount of salary and benefits as provided by the contractual terms or even more in case there are any amendments to increase the payments and benefits of the contractor (McKendrick, 2005). Contract and subcontract employment terms are different in many aspects from temporary employment and the relationships existing in temporary employment terms. Temporary employment terms provide that, an employee would offer services to an organization within a specified time or duration. The temporary employment relationships are faced with issues such as how the workers in the term of employment should plan for their time and the freedom they should have. The only thing hardly understood in this case is that even some eople having the mind that they are working as contractors are usually under temporary employment terms and relationships (McGovern, Deborah, & Stephen, 2004). The relationship in temporary employment is that face with control from the organization. Contract employees are sometimes categorized in the temporary employment relationships since they have to take orders from their employers as long as they are working within the specified time of the contract. In temporary employment, a worker is required to leave his or her employer within specified time duration. The relationship existing in temporary employment is mainly contractual; it is also referred to as interim or seasonal relationship. The workers are said to be casual, and their efforts could give way to permanent employment. Just like in contract employment, temporary workers are given the option of working on a full-time or part-time basis. The time depends on the employer or organization. The employer or management controls all hours of work or service. Working as a part-time worker may lead to fewer benefits or compensations or having to work for a longer duration depending on the agreement and terms of service. Unlike in the contract and subcontract employment, workers in temporary employment relationships receive benefits such as Medicare and health insurance (Peck & Theodore, 2002). Such benefits are given to permanent employees, occasionally to temporary employees, and hardly to independent contractors and subcontractors. Temporary employment relationship may involve temporary work agencies or temporary staffing in which case workers are retained within a specified length of time after which they are dismissed. Sometimes, temporary work agencies form contractual agreements with organizations and companies requiring temporary workers to provide them with temporary workers. Temporary workers are sometimes considered for cyclical economic situation in which case restructuring workers or employees in a company would be highly required (Kalleberg, Barbara, & Hudson, 2000). Recruiting firms do not supply companies with temporary workers, but temporary work agencies do provide firms with temporary workers when they require them. In establishing the competences of temporary workers during their recruitment, a temporary work agency uses a set of standardized tests to provide judgment on the competence of the workers being recruited. Hiring a temporary worker would depend on the score obtained from the test, an aspect that fully contradicts with the way people are employed in contact employments. In contract employments, individuals earn contracts based on various factors including their competence with respect to their work records, the license they have acquired based on their licensing body, and their bargaining power (Peck, 2002). The best contractor in terms of all the factors considered wins the contract. In temporary employment relationships, the employer requires that the temporary employees be given adequate instructions as per the job structure as well as information on the required attire for the job. The work hours are also specified, including the wages, and the person to whom the temporary employees would report. This aspect is also not specified in the contract and subcontract terms of employment since contractors and subcontractors have control over their work and working hours. Contractors and subcontractors can hardly be assigned an additional task without having to amend the contractual agreement in terms of the salary increments and any additional benefits (Broemmel, 2013). In temporary employment relationships, temporary workers may not have control over their time. They can be required to tackle extra duties without having to adjust any agreements. Any complaints would call for the use of the right channel, but not directly with their employer like in the case of contract and subcontract employment. The worker in a contract employment has a direct communication with the employer or organization’s management. Any complaint may require the amendment of the written contract terms and conditions and may lead to adjustments in the employment terms in the aspect of payments and benefits. Contrary to the way complaints are handled in the contract and subcontract employment, in temporary employment relationships, discrepancies may lead to the termination of the employment terms, decreased pay, or undermine any chances of getting better employment opportunities including permanent employment (Kalleberg, Barbara, & Hudson, 2000). A temporary work agency may require that their temporary employees be provided to some organizations terminate their terms of service if they are working outside the initial agreements between the agency and the organization offering the temporary employment. This factor happens if the employees feel that they are exploited or employees are facing difficulties in the tasks they are assigned to offer their services. In the temporary employment relationships, the temporary employees are required to maintain constant contact with the respective authority in case things had gone astray according to the way their activities were organized. In contrast to contract and subcontract employment, temporary employment is easy to venture into since those with the required technical requirement in the required industry or job field get the job (McGovern, Deborah, & Stephen, 2004). In many cases, the job is provided without a selection process being applied like in the case of contract and subcontract employment. The temporary work agencies also absorb workers without them submitting their resume or going through an interview process. Contract and subcontract employment face many issues given that any misconduct or mistakes, in the task being offered, becomes a liability to the subcontractor, but the liability could turn out to be the organizations loss. Just as in contract employment, temporary employment relationships create room for flexible hour, but the flexibility is limited to the total time in terms of hours worked and the pattern of reporting to work. The respective human resource personnel also watch the time flexibility closely as a way of determining worker productivity and performance; this may give way to permanent employment terms or contract employment (McGovern, Deborah, & Stephen, 2004). The temporary employee is likely to strive hard to get better working conditions or better terms of employment that may only come with accumulation of great wealth of experience. A contractor or subcontractor finds his or her job ultimate as far as working conditions and specialty are concerned.

The Approach Of Systems Thinking Commerce Essay

Over this century the attack of Systems Thinking has gained increasing attending in assorted social spheres, such as civilization, scientific discipline, general and human ecology, faith and economic sciences & A ; direction. System Thinking has taught us that it is non about faulting other people but to work together to happen a solution and to accomplish that there must be a good relationship, connectivity and interconnectivity. For any system to work efficaciously it is recommended that all parts be present and functional and must be connected to a proper manner. System believing in an Organisation chiefly depends on accomplishing negative information through openness and feedback, system believing besides plays a major function in administrations and aid to acquire rid of disfucntional administration, Successful organisations develop features and execute procedures that allow them to accommodate to restraints, menaces, and chances. For any administration grow and better that administration must so go larning administration and for it to work efficaciously there should be an effectual leading which will convey effectual alteration and originative thoughts to the administration. Learning organisation deter the outlook that it is merely senior direction who can and make all the thought for the full corporation and it hence encourages everyone ‘s thoughts are valued and amount that people can lend and it is non determined by place in the organisation.2.1 Quiz 1The embedding procedure, The following scenario has been experienced from my company. This typical illustration is used to suit the ‘Why ‘ Question in the hereafter.Buying a Generator Transformer for Majuba Unit 1Why Generator Transformer? Can transport high Voltage and high Amperes Can defy higher Temperatures. Can defy lower Temperatures Can be used out-of-doorss and Indoors Using natural air and oil for chilling Can step up or down the Voltage Excessively dearly-won Available on shelves Why non Unit transformer? Carries less Voltage and Amperes Easily acquire hot due to insufficient chilling Low current capacity Inadequate chilling system Reasonable monetary value Can merely step down the Voltage Why non dry type Transformer? Recommended for Indoors usage Can non defy high temperatures Can non stand really low temperatures Very inexpensive Can merely step down the Voltage. Why non BFP ‘s Transformers? Not design to transport out high tonss Can defy high and lower temporaries Reasonable monetary value 5. Why non Pole mounted Transformer Does non suit for the intent, Can defy temperature alterations Not available on shelf Used FOR Domestic intent The result of the analysis shows that Option figure 1 is the lone 1 that is applicable for the Majuba Power Station, this is due to the fact that option figure 1 meets all the specific demands and is ever available on shelves.2.2 QUIZ 2House Criteria and RequirementsWeightHouse AHouse BacillusHOUSE CBedroom size10 3 3 4Shoping Centre5 1 3 1Security5 2 2 1Garage5 3 1 1Crime Rate5 2 1 2Police station5 1 1 3Gardening size5 2 1 2Design5 3 1 1Vicinity5 1 1 3Traffic10 6 2 2School10 2 4 4Location10 3 1 6Family demand5 2 2 1Affordability ( Price )10 4 4 2Near to work5 3 1 1Entire100 38 28 34 Table 1 Decision doing Tool The determination doing tool used above on Table 1 used a standard to measure the best house that one can purchase, Given the demand that the house should run into or follow with, the determination was taken that House A is the best house to purchase.2.3 QUIZ 3Plethora of Literature Fig 1 Brain Power Fig 1 above Tells about the Memory ability Factor: System believing illustrate that no affair how much work burden you might hold the encephalon power aid to execute you responsibilities and ensures that all work acquire don, it besides tells us that a proper planning plays a immense function on all state of affairs one could come across with, It hence of import for the individual to acquire sufficient cognition and preparation to accomplish the best consequences. Fig 2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT Fig 2 above Tells us on Project direction state of affairs planning besides plays a immense function and if planning is non done one will confront troubles when it comes to Project Execution, Project Management is worthless when the quality is compromised, Fig 2 Teach us the for the undertaking to executed, The strategic program is where we find the AIM of the system the ‘whole ‘ should be taken into consideration, intending that the must be a continues betterment and a strategic planning and Management should be pattern for a Undertaking to be a successful one. FIG 3 INFORMATION SYSTEM BEHAVIOR Fig 3 above Tells us the information system in administration, Organisation should guarantee that its values are know by all employees and should populate by them, Trust within the administration leads to a good squad work with one end of accomplishing the best for the company. Policies and process should organize portion of day-to-day activities and should be communicated to all employees in an administration,2.3.1 LETTER TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORSTitle: System Thinking Application in Organisation Background Many companies have failed themselves and some resulted in shuting down, No one of all time take clip to understand why this happens, Research shows that system thought does non be and Management does thing the manner they think. Most administrations do non run as a ‘whole ‘ but instead as a ‘part ‘ of the system. System Thinking Application Fig 1, 2 and 3 above illustrate Different application of the system thought, each and every figure will lend to the turning and development of the administration, Employees and Management will derive a batch of trust and apprehension of each other, to better our methods of alteration, hence, we need to understand more about what really governs people ‘s behavior. When no alteration occurs, it is the form of behavior that remains unchanged. Making the right thing means we have to larn how to see an administration as a system and understand the deductions of that position for what it means to pull off. Recommendation and Decision System believing when applied decently can alter the mentality of employees and it is recommended that all employees to be exposed to system thought and the construction should be such that employees must experience that they are portion of the administration, It is recommended that preparation should be provided to the employees to acquire the good consequences of system thought, Good communicating construction to be in topographic point and all informed of it, In decision, A learning administration produces a good consequences and increases working public presentation which leads to an addition in production. It is the Board determination to accept the application of System believing in this administration taking into history the benefit and the impact the system believing will hold in the administration.2.4 QUIZ 4What is Fractal – a fractal is any object or something or signifier created from repeated forms apparent at many degrees of graduated table. In my administration, I have noticed that a fractal quality take topographic point when we do the pre occupation brief [ where safety and occupation planning is discussed before the occupation can really get down ] and the Safety of people is ever emphasised and repeated, this is done to accomplish one end which is to hold zero first assistance and zero Loss clip hurts. Another Changes that I need to Implement is to accomplish Fractal quality is Cardinal regulations, These regulations are the regulations that can non be broken by anyone and should anyone interrupt anyone of the regulations, there will be a formal disciplinary for that person which might consequences to a serious misconduct These five cardinal regulations are as follows: Open, Isolates, Earth and/or bond and safety trial before touch Hook up at highs Be sober Have Permit to work I therefore see it necessary to warn co-workers each twenty-four hours about these five cardinal regulations.2.4 QUIZ 51. Angstrom 2. – 4B 3. Bacillus 4. Angstrom 5. Angstrom 6. Bacillus 7. – 4C2.5 QUIZ 6Undertaking Name: Renovation of Turbine Valves This is a undertaking that is presently busy with at my work topographic point Majuba Power Station Unit 4. Background In 2009 it was suspected that unit 4 Turbine Valve are damaged, this came after the machine was in a procedure of closing down after flushing extremum, The Operator who was in charge of the machine did non follow the shut down process and he was erroneously unfastened the control valve and allow H2O to travel through the Turbine, Water should non at any point go to the turbine as this could caused Quenching [ allow H2O to the turbine valves ] . The effects of Turbine extinction is a categorized as a catastrophe which cause the Rotors on the Turbine to flex and finally do the Turbine to vibrate, and since last twelvemonth therefore far the quiver has been so high, The ground for non making the fixs last when the incident take topographic point was the fact the system could non let Majuba to take the machine out for Outage due to the system constrains. The machine have been running at a lower burden since last twelvemonth and the hazard to run the machine with amendss was identified and all extenuation was put in topographic point to avoid farther amendss to the Turbine. Scope of work: Shut down the Machine Force cool the machine for 36hrs Erect Scaffolding [ Sub contract ] Remove lagging and cladding [ Sub contract ] Remove Turbine 4 Turbine valves Remove Turbine Two Rotors Send both Valves and Rotors for fixs at Alstom [ Sub contract ] Inspect and replace bearing no 1 and 10 if found damaged Collect both Valves and Rotors from Alstom Put back Turbine rotors Put back Turbine Valves Replace lagging and facing Dismantle Scaffolding [ Sub contract ] Perform Turbine tests, take reading and analyse [ Sub contract ] Start up the Machine The chief Contractor is Rotek Engineering Sub contractor no 1 Kaefer [ Scaffolding ] Sub contractor no 2 Alstom Power Services Entire costs for this Undertaking is R 13,000,000.00 Chaos Theory application This Undertaking was scheduled to get down on the 16th September and complete on the 29th October 2010, The chief Contractor is Rotek Engineering Sub contractor no 1 Kaefer [ Scaffolding ] Sub contractor no 2 Alstom Power Services After go toing The Da Vinci Institute classes on System Management, the tool used on the stuff was checked against my current undertakings as follows: So far Alstom has indicated that will be little alteration on the undertaking continuance as the range on the Valves and Rotors has increased after they have stripped and inspected the Vales and Rotors and that has a direct influence on the entire budget allocated, Rotek contractor together with Alstom revised the saloon chart every bit good as the WBS [ Non additive paradigm adopted ] which so showed a late completion day of the month of the 5th November 2010, as Eskom we do non desire to lose clip on the undertaking we so called up a particular meeting with the chief Contractor [ Rotek ] , The contractor was requested to direct a citation for an extra range submitted after the review was done and Eskom besides instructed the Rotek to acquire more resources and besides cite on that extra resources ( we applied control ) , The entire costs now has been increased to R 13A 850,000.00 which was non approved budget ab initio. We so as a squad called up a meeting with everyone involved, all were encouraged to work safe and put focal point on the work, the coverage / communicating construction [ D channel applied ] and organogram besides discussed with the squad and all understood the set up. Team members were motivated and were promised a braai every bit good as Game gift verifiers of R 150, 00 each should the undertaking be completed on clip. Everybody was asked to experience free on the occupation and to describe any insecure act and the suggestion box was placed on the floor for anyone with jobs on the undertaking itself including HR and Salary issues. In this undertaking non much alteration was applied to the solutions of mending the Valves and the Rotors as the recommendation was given by the industry and no other determination could be made as this constituents are non manufactured locally and no 1 knows much within South Africa. Presently the squad and everybody involved are happy and this is conformed by the committedness and dedication noted on the squad, this has led to a decrease in continuance of the undertaking by two yearss. The decrease in continuance has helped in costs decrease on the undertaking. Therefore Chaos theory in Project Management has taught us the followers: If a good planning and Execution is non done decently, that undertaking is a If there is no proper communicating in a squad, that is a formula for a catastrophe in a undertaking [ D channel plays a immense function ] The undertaking environment should be contributing for the squad to larn in order to maximize the usage of alteration.3.1 ANALYSE ELEMENT FROM STAKEHOLDER ‘S VIEWPONT3.1.1 Power Generation and Supply at Eskom This is an component that I will be discoursing and analysing, besides to place Operating, Transaction every bit good as Contextual Environment. A Operating Environment Structure: It is good defined and all employees and employer understand and follow the agreed construction. Culture: Like any other organisation, Culture diverseness is still a challenge as people do things otherwise and besides think otherwise. Competences: Competent people are largely on Majuba side although there is still some work to be done and less competent people are more on Contractors working under Majuba. Resources: In footings of resources, most of the work is outsourced and that is where the most resources are in employed compared to the resources Majuba. B Transactional Environment Communities: Not applicable. Regulators: Eskom is regulated by NERSA in footings of Electricity and in footings Gender equity it is for regulated by authorities Act and ain internal processs. Stockholders: Government and World Bank Creditors: Customers: Eskom clients are chiefly all house clasp, Municipalities, Mines, and Hospitals every bit good outside states like Zimbabwe. Suppliers: Eskom providers are chiefly the coal mines, section of H2O personal businesss, gas Industries, letter paper companies every bit good Computer companies. Rivals: Presently Eskom does non hold rivals in footings of Electrical power coevals, but other companies generate their ain Electricity for ain usage e.g. Sasol. Trade association: Not applicable Unions / employees: Eskom employees have three brotherhoods stand foring them and they are NUM, NUMSA every bit good Solidarity. C. Contextual Environment Political Forces: Political engagement does be but chiefly take portion in higher Management degree, The ground being that the Eskom Chief Executive Officer is appointed by the Minister of Public Enterprise and Energy. Economic Forces: Economic forces has negatively impacted Eskom in the past two old ages and that was due to the universe recession and the factor is the new physique Eskom Power Stations which requires a batch of one million millions to be completed and that has besides put Eskom into fiscal crisis at this phase. Ecological Forces: Not applicable and have no impact on Eskom concern and operation. Technological Forces, Technology keeps on turning and coming each and every twelvemonth and Eskom is ever out at that place seeking for new thoughts and information of running the concern efficaciously and expeditiously without compromising its nucleus concern. Socio-cultural Forces: Peoples have different attitude, beliefs, imposts and life style every bit good as civilization, Eskom does hold these different people but they are no influence or whatsoever towards Eskom employees as they have established a wont of working as a squad.3.2 FORMULATE THE MESS & A ; DESCRIBE THE CURRENT REALITY3.2.1 System AnalysisComponentSystemEnvironmentStructure: The histrions involved here are the Employees, Trade brotherhoods, Employer, clients and providers, their involvement is to guarantee Generate Electricity and administer it to its clients. Eskom has a immense influence and impact on Electricity supply to its clients and besides has influence on its employees Members: Eskom Executive Committee Board members and employees on all Eskom divisions. Major constituents are all the electricity bring forthing workss and Coal and Gasses. Their relationship is that bring forthing workss requires Coal and Gasses to bring forth Electrical energy. Eskom has a dedicated staff that ensures there is continues supply of Electrical energy to Eskom clients, Currently Eskom stockholders are its employees every bit good as the Government, There are three trade brotherhoods viz. NUM, NUMSA every bit good as SOLIDARITY, Eskom chief clients are all Electricity users [ domestic usage ] , Mines, Hospitals and other neighbouring states, Current providers are Coal mines, gasses provider, Government appoints Eskom CEO and ensures that all authorities act are obeyed and followed by all Employers and Eskom is presently regulates by NERSA. Function: Eskom produced Electrical Energy for all its clients including neighbouring states like Zimbabwe, Electrical energy is produced for all family and domestic usage, Hospitals and companies every bit good as the mines that requires electrical energy to run their concerns, Daily meeting are held where the production demands are discussed and actions are taken by relevant persons. The chief merchandises is Electrical energy and the markets all Eskom clients, Presently Eskom does non hold major rivals, Eskom has entered the markets in a immense manner that its is registered with JSE every bit good as universe market, Eskom is presently making good in the Market as there are one other company that compete with Eskom and non much challenge is experience by Eskom, As antecedently discussed, Eskom has no rivals and hence no strength exist PROCESS ( Knowledge ) : Electrical energy is produced where by the Boiler filled with Tubes is heated through the Boiler Tubes and the steam is formed which the converted to a dry steam and transported at a high force per unit area which so turn the Turbine which in bend turned the Generator. The initiation processes takes topographic point in the generator and the magnetic field are produced and Electrical energy generated. Then the generated power transferred to the Generator transformer which the measure up the Voltage from 22A 000Volts to 400kv, this 400kv is the sent to the grid and so national control controls the power distribution to all system webs and Eskom clients Eskom seeks new engineering each and every twenty-four hours for its nucleus concern of bring forthing Electricity at sensible monetary value and that is ever available, although Eskom do hold competent people and accomplishments but there is spread that needs to be closed due to the fact that people with so right accomplishments are go forthing the administration and there is skill keeping or development program in topographic point, Throughput procedure: Eskom produces a capacity of 4100 MW of Electricity per twenty-four hours, provided the full machines are on burden bring forthing electricity. Organizational procedure: Eskom have processs and Policies in topographic point which aid to run the concern efficaciously e.g. finance, engineering, quality, human resources, and selling are of import procedure considerations. Minimum demand – To be able to bring forth Electrical energy that is ever available at a sensible monetary value, Benchmaker: The best participants in the administration are all the Eskom employees and the employer who makes it possible produces this Electricity, Cost of selling is 150 Per Megawatt, Cost of Production is about R38m per Megawatt, Cost of developing about R12m, Cost of rank ( operating expenses ) is about R50m. 3.2.2 OBSTRUCTION ANALYSISBSTRUCTION ANALYSISFunctionStructureProcedurePowerDaily meeting are held where the production demands are discussed and actioned to relevant persons. Beginning of Power is at Management degrees and they are responsible for continues running of the Plant. Policies and process are clear and good defined, all people involved are cognizant of the procedure to be followed.CognitionEveryone is clear and knows precisely of what needs to be done as all are allocated with work for that peculiar twenty-four hours. All employees are measured utilizing the in agreement cardinal public presentation Indexs and the wages being the Performance Appraisal Bonuses. The system is in topographic point for all the divergence and control in conformity with NEC, feedback is required on specific agreed day of the months.WealthIn footings of Market viability, Eskom is still safe as the Market response rather good since there are no rivals ; The demand increases at a fast rate. Eskom beginning of money is on both Eskom ego net income every bit good as World bank where most of the loans are granted to Eskom. Although some the Generating Machines are acquiring old, The Machines still operates efficaciously and the demand is forecast 48 hrs upfront at the control Centre situated in Germiston and planned consequently.BeautyEskom vision of the coveted hereafter province that ‘Together constructing the powerbase for sustainable growing and development and to supply Southern Africa with dependable cost effectual Power ‘ At the present minute Eskom does non hold any insecurities and disaffection, South Africa chiefly dependant on Eskom to provide Electricity and the support is continues. There is a good Integration on Eskom ‘s stakeholders, The distinction exist when Government is loath to O.K. requested financess and when clients has to pay additions on ElectricityValuessThe Main hazards that Eskom faces are deficit of skilled forces, Insufficient power bring forthing machines to run into the increasing demand every bit good as support of the new undertakings Eskom value its employees and handle everyone with regard they deserve, The Group consists of different people coming from different background and Culture and everyone respects other chap ‘s civilization. Conflict Management processs are in topographic point to cover with any struggle arising. Depending on each instance virtue but largely a disciplinary commission plays a function.3.2.3 REFERENCE PROJECTIONThere is a batch of a thing that could go on should at that place be no alteration the manner administration operates, the undermentioned explains: The company will non turn and no invention. The company will non copy with new Technologies Skilled people will non acquire challenge and will stop up populating the administration3.2.4 REFERENCE SCENARIOSOrganisation would destruct itself by non using alteration in the current manner they operates their concerns, Administration that do non guarantee its employees are acquiring developed and are given opportunity to research. Administration destroys itself if it non a learning administration and when power is on certain single merely Administration that does non hold Policies and processs would be destructing its hereafter.3.3 DESCRIBE THE AS IT SHOULD STATE FOR AREA – ProbeHere we discuss the Solutions that can assist to better the system by discoursing the followers: 3.3.1 Where system in an administration should be more opened? In my administration I believe the system should be more opened on the followers: Open in communicating construction from the high Management to a lower category people in the administration. Open in Information sharing within the administration even to the people who do non hold entree to e-mail and GroupWise. Open in people ‘s development Open in giving people a platform for Innovation. Open in Procedures and Policies. 3.3.2 Where the system in an administration should be closed? Close in High degree Management determination Near in Individual wages. 3.3.3 Where the system in an administration should be connected? Different sections working in silos should be connected Different division should be connected. 3.3.4 Where Boundaries should be? When people non following processs. When people are interrupting the jurisprudence and the regulations. Applied when there is a no work a no wage should use. 3.3.5 Where is the form in an administration? Time order, everybody to maintain on start working clip. Follow processs on all work. Treat everybody with regard.3.4 CASUAL LOOP DIAGRAM3.4.1 Casual Loop Diagram Key FindingsThe undermentioned points indicate the chief country of concern on the above Casual cringle diagram in Fig 5: It is noted that high population addition electricity demand which in bend reduces the Supply of electricity The current procedure of bring forthing electricity has a negative impact on our environment as it causes pollution to the air. The effects of fouling the may every bit good mine workers where Cola is supplied may consequences to human deaths. It is an obvious instance that in winter season where there is no rainfall, the Eskom administration finds it hard to bring forth Electricity as there is immense deficit of H2O in the dikes and rivers. The more human deaths are experience in the industries is the more our population acquire reduced. It is true Eskom is lending to the Economy of this state because all concerns needs electricity to operates efficaciously Eskom as an administration opens occupation chances and allow people to develop in their callings within Eskom. It is besides noted that when the employees are given a opportunity to get cognition through surveies and research, they become more enlightening and increase that increases their accomplishments.3.4.2 Recommendation from the Casual Loop DiagramThe safety of people is a precedence and no production loss or net income can warrant the safety of people, it is hence recommended that the Companies should be more watchful and put systems in topographic point to guarantee that workers come to work safe and unrecorded work safe. It is recommended that administrations should hold a program in topographic point to develop its employees, this will convey good consequences in a long tally and will lend to the high net income of the administration as the employees will be more skilled and knowing which helps in increasing the company production.3.5 FRACTAL LIKE REQUIREMENTRefer to Quiz no 4 on page 103.6 BOARD MEMORANDUMRefer to Quiz no 3 on page 63.7 DecisionIn decision, whether we consider systems believing largely a new position and a set of tools, it has a power and a possible that one time we have been introduced, are difficult to defy. The more you learn about this challenging field, the more you will desire to cognize. In administrations, System Thinking has taught us that all sections should work together and incorporate to accomplish the best consequences, It has besides taught that although we need to cover with a alteration in our environment and learn to near as the ‘whole ‘ instead that a s ‘parts ‘ of the system.

Psychology- Human Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Psychology- Human Development - Essay Example The second approach, â€Å"The native perspective† unlike learning theorists minimize the role of the language environment and maximize the role of child’s biologically programmed capacities in explaining language development. The third approach known as â€Å"The Interactionist Perspective† believes that both learning theorists (nurture) and nativists (nature) are correct: Childrens biologically based competencies and their language environment interact to shape the course of language development (Bloom, 1998; Bohannon & Bonvillian, 2005).They emphasize that acquisition of language skills depends on and is related to the acquisition of many other capacities: perceptual, cognitive, motor, social, and emotional. Obviously, there is no doubt that males and females differ biologically. Yet we have to ask ourselves one question, do we form our ideas of gender roles according the influence of our society, or does biological predisposition outweigh the cultural influence? Gender refers to the cultural and social definition of feminine and masculine, it bears no relevance to the biological sex. Rather, it is the socially constructed expectations placed on a person because of their sex. Socialization is defined as the process by which we learn the ways of a given society or social group so that we can function within it. We are born either male or female, but not boy or girl. Femininity and masculinity do not bubble up from our genetic makeup. The distinction between boy and girl is taught. Therefore, gender is a learned identity. From the moment a child is born, (s)he begins the process of gender socialization. There is no nation where men and women are not gendered. The gender system organizes s ociety in such a way that boys and girls are treated differently, and the expectations for boys and girls differ. Family and peer relationships, schools and religious institutions, and media exposure

Reflection on strategy management tasks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reflection on strategy management tasks - Essay Example First of all, I made an approach to understand each and every aspects of the task. Then several secondary researches were executed in order to collect suitable information and data within a quick period of time. The PEST analysis was easy to implement in this study. The recent political, economical, technological and economical scenarios of the industry can be obtained easily from text books or other academic journals. These sources helped to provide reliable data and information of the specific industry. Horizon scanning was the most difficult part in this task. It is very much difficult for a manager to estimate future threat and opportunities. Inadequate detection of early signs can affect the financial stability of the firm. On the other hand, the economic and political situation is changing constantly. Therefore, this part of the task has created several initial problems. I learned several significant and important things while completing the first task. Industry analysis and Ho rizon scanning were the two most interesting parts of this task. Through the industry analysis, an analyst can gain important knowledge about the situation of external environment. On the other hand, effective Horizon scanning can increase the future estimation and analytical skill that can increase the productivity of a manager. The second task is all about the

International Economics between New Zealand and Morocco Research Paper

International Economics between New Zealand and Morocco - Research Paper Example The volume of export trade in New Zealand has been falling over the last two years. The export communities include meat, wood, and also mechanical machinery, with the top leader countries accounted for 56% of the total exports. Some of the top export markets include China, Korea, US, and Australia. On the other hand, the import of New Zealand has been on a rising trend over the years. The highest increase include the import from Brunei and Oman, while the imports entailed imports from Russia (Hirschman, 176). Some of the top partners were from Australia and China. Top 10 export commodities in New Zealand include dairy products like birds eggs and honey, meat, wood, prep milk, wood pulp, machinery, iron and steel, paper and paperboard, edible fruits, modified starch, and electric machinery while the top 10 imports in New Zealand include mineral fuel, electric machinery, boilers, plastics, vehicles, food industry residues, rubber articles, animal fats, miscellaneous edible fruits, and surgical instruments. In New Zealand, the terms of trade rose 1414 points in 2014 from 1389 in 2013. The terms of trade in the country was averaged at 1044.98 from 1957 to2014 reaching an index point of 1438 during the 2nd quarter of 1973 and lowest in 1975 with an index of 796. The index graph is as shown in the diagram below. Agriculture is the main economic block of New Zealand. The processing and production of the agricultural products lie wine, fruits, dairy products, and wool generate 16 per cent of the GDP and employs 15% of the workers (Helpman,  121). The products of agriculture generate almost half of the country’s GDP. In New Zealand, the regional and bilateral Free Trade Agreement play a crucial role in the international trade. The free trade agreement helps in maintaining high standards in protecting, supporting, and promoting sustainbale development and building capacity to address the issue of trade. The country has sought in

Part 3 Applying Theory to Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Part 3 Applying Theory to Practice - Essay Example Gillaspie (2010) convey the depth of the problem by pointing that the delivery of effective pain management has become a pressing national issue in healthcare. Patients had a right to be managed for pain relief (Zalon, 2008). The problem of pain management has thereby been identified by me as my practice problem. The nursing profession has several theories by which the problems in patient care were managed. Similarly I would be employing a theory to execute effective pain management in my hospital. The theory would be logical for application and concurrent with observations made daily. It would similar to those previously used in successful programs. Past research would have supported this theory (Croyle, 2005). It would contain the highlights of the nursing profession. Foundations for nursing practice would be made. Patient care would be made better, professional growth would be enhanced, interpersonal communications among the nurses would be motivated for improvement, and guidance would evolve for education and research. The multidisciplinary approach to health care would be targeted. Criteria which improved the quality of care would continuously be identified. Middle range theories promoted nursing practice by helping to understand the behavior of the client, suggesting useful interventio ns and offering credible explanations for the efficacy of the interventions (Peterson & Bedrow, 2008). The practice theory could be built up from the critical reflection of experiences. The purpose of the paper is to identify a middle range theory for my selected practice problem of management of pain and then use a borrowed theory to manage the same symptom of pain. The more common reason for patients seeking help from nurses was pain. The unpleasant sensation could cause the patient to even lose consciousness. The overwhelming effect could produce long-term adversities (Peterson &

Business Creation and Growth Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Creation and Growth - Coursework Example This essay â€Å"Business Creation and Growth† highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the program that is introduced and developed for assisting the entrepreneur in starting up the business and conducting of the market research. It covers various areas which include the operation, human resources, operation, finance, marketing and organization. The process and the application of Sim venture are very simple and easy to implement as well as manipulate. Therefore it is required to be applied tactically for various purposes. The Sim venture game has been introduced with the purpose of allowing the user to run the enterprise for the period of maximum 3 years. Sim venture game assists the entrepreneur in successfully expanding its business. Sim venture performs the role or the function of a business adviser in which it allows the entrepreneur to carry out its business successfully and enhance his knowledge as well as decision making skills. Sim venture is a very well known b usiness simulation game that is introduced and developed for assisting and supporting the entrepreneur for the growth and expansion of the business. This game has been introduced for developing the entrepreneurial skill. It provides an opportunity to the entrepreneur in facing the complex business environment and competing with the demands in the market. The various areas of the business that is associated with sales and marketing, finance, organization and operation has its implication in the business programme.

Adapting to Workplace Changes in Professionalism Essay - 1

Adapting to Workplace Changes in Professionalism - Essay Example 432). This is because the meaning of culture is said to represent different ethnic, tribal and racial groups leaving the part that addresses how the unique norms, values and beliefs influence the usage of the law or the attributes of the lawyers and the unique traits they share in law practice (Bracey, 2006). In 1975, Lawrence Friedman devised ‘legal culture’ as a concept that emphasized the notion that law is more implicit when described as a product of social forces, a system and a conduct of the same social forces. Friedman moves from the common notion that focuses on law as a set of rules and norms which can either be written or unwritten about the rights and duties of people as well as prescribing the right or wrong behavior, to advocate for a model or a ‘system’ which has a set of processes inputs and structures that send outputs to the environment. The legal culture is based on three components which are; the legal and social forces, the ‘law’ itself such as the rules and the structure, and the effects the law has on the outside world. As such, the legal culture essentially covers the social study of law (Rosen, 2006). The unique attributes shared by the legal practitioners across the globe can be traced to the traditional study of law. Initially, the social scientific study of law was mostly marginalized in universities in America in departments such as social science and law schools. However, the notion of legal culture was introduced by working with a tradition that had little connection to the American universities but some lawyers and jurists from parts of Europe such as Germany. For instance, a German jurist described the practice of law as a manifestation of the ‘spirit of the people’ and described it as an evolving culture. Though describing it from a pragmatic and rather romantic perspective, an American jurist known as Oliver Wendell Holmes also described law as a culture by referring to it as an anthropologic document

Organizational Misbehavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organizational Misbehavior - Essay Example Nowadays organizations are clearly conscious that, "organizational ethical behavior will necessitate serious thought, at the board and executive level." (Armbrste 5) Prevalent organizational misbehavior and illegal activity have made the formation of an official ethics strategy an elevated priority for all enterprises, regardless of their size or structure. Many larger organizations have established a position for an Ethics Officer, and smaller organizations turn to consultants that specialize in ethical consultation. Such individuals provide the frontline of defense against moral decay in corporate America. Organisations are made up of individuals: This is because collectively a group can achieve far more than the equivalent number of individuals. Misbehaviour in organizations can be tricky for management to spot and correct, and as an end result, the cost to organizations can be high. ... The current research examines the causes of different types of misbehaviour, and makes suggestions for remedies and managerial practices that can help to reduce its occurrence and impact. The members of an organisation have their zones of comfort and agendas. The organisation has a specific mission; the management task is to ensure that these individual endeavors are aligned towards their organisation's purpose. Therefore an understanding of how individuals fit in to organisations, and the way in which organisations work is fundamental to the ability to manage. "Provided the recent misbehaviors in organizations that are all over the headlines, - - ImClone, Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco." (Aronwitz 13) The misbehaviour debate refuses to lie down or quietly fade into obscurity. It raises fundamental questions about the nature of social reality, the manner in which it is conceptualized and the theoretical means most appropriate in explaining the relationship between its constituent elements. In raising unavoidable, and difficult, questions about the nature of and link between "human activity and its social contexts" (Bacon & Story 2) , the misbehaviour debate forces students and members of organisation alike to confront a set of issues that defines irrevocably the constitution of the subject matter and the analytical and methodological terms. In general, this paper is rather optimistic about the nature of men and the possibilities to organize conforming and dutiful behaviour of employees. This undoubtedly is a reflection of our prosperous times and business successes, which marked the beginning of the new millennium. "Perhaps conforming to a certain political correctness" (Ball & Wilson 5), academics in organization studies, in addition, like to

SPSS for analyzing data with one IV and more than one DV & one-way Essay

SPSS for analyzing data with one IV and more than one DV & one-way between subjects MANOVA - Essay Example at the multivariate test results, all the four multivariate tests reveal significant results and hence it is okay to conclude that group membership effects on the psychological aspects evaluated, even after the test effects of item difficulties are controlled on performance of people in the three areas. Statistics for univariate comparisons of means are designs with only one dependent variable (DV). By comparison, statistics for multivariate comparisons of means have more than one dependent variable. The MANOVA may be either one-way (one IV) or factorial (more than one IV). For these analyses, there is more than one DV. The different DVs, which are at least moderately correlated, are combined into a composite variable called a variate. The combined DVs serve to predict the between-group differences of the scores for the conditions of the IV. A challenge arises in a research design that features only one IV with only 2 conditions. If a researcher desires to analyze two or more moderately correlated DVs rather than using a t-test with one DV, the multivariate Hotellings T2 can be used instead of separate t-tests for this situation.   Instead of the null hypothesis for a t-test (M1 = M2), the null hypothesis for the Hotellings T2 is that the vectors of means for group A are the same as the vectors of means for group B. The value of Hotellings T2 can be transformed into four F-values: Wilks lambda, Pillais trace, Hotellings trace, and Roys largest root. When these F-values are significant at the alpha level determioned for the study (e.g., ï  ¡ = .05), the researcher can reject the null hypothesis.   Usually the finding of significant multivariate effects is followed by analyses where the relationship between the IV(s) and each of the DVs is analyzed separately, using a univariate method to compare means (e.g., a t-test, a one-way ANOVA, a factorial ANOVA). Because there are multiple tests for multiple DVs, every test distorts the actual alpha level. That is, the

How to manage your time Essay Example for Free

How to manage your time Essay Carl Sandberg said â€Å"time is the coin of your life. It is the only coin you have, and only you can determine how it will be spent. Be careful lest you let other people spend it for you.† Therefore, how to control your use of time? First and foremost, look cautious at your priorities and Identify your goals . According to Oxford Brookes University (2012), you have to identify what is important to you and to be realistic and definite about them. People in all walks of life will have different thoughts, each of them will have their own priorities, identify what you need. For instance, friends, family, getting a good degree, or your health. The great way to determine is by giving a rank to them in order from 1-10 that could help you to prioritise the time you give to the things that beneficial to you and things which will help you to achieve your goals. Then you can allocate a realistic amount of time to each. Being more realistic enables you to build in time to relax and can work more effectively. Furthermore, make a timetable, plan for your future. This is the most common way, yet is the most useful way. According to NUS (n.d.), if you have come to university from high school, it can be a shock to find that you are responsible for organising your study time by your own to complete all the assignments given by the lecturers. Making a timetable helps you to identify periods of potential study time. Ensure that this time is quality time where you can really concentrate, away from all the disturbances. According to TimeMan.com (2013), make a daily To-Do List can be make everyday. At the end of each day, you can organize and schedule your next day. In addition, follow your plan. According to TimeMan.com (2013), do not let peer pressure or the quest for short-term gratification dictate what you consider important. You just have to focus on the goals you have set for yourself and follow up on your true top priorities. Align your priorities with your long-term values and goals. Moreover, overcome procrastination. According to TimeMan.com (2013), without a deadline, you will surely procrastinate. For instance, whenever you get an assignment, set a time to start it off to avoid doing last minute works. Once you are given a due date on an assignment, count backwards from the due date to build up a start date. Take into consideration that you will be spending on other items like social events, sports and so on. Bear in mind that every tasks given is always better to start early to avoid from a panic finish. Last but not least, according to NUS (n.d.), take breaks to  relax. No matter how much you have to do, studying continuously without a break will not help you in the long run. You will simply lose your concentration and remember less. Sometimes, you just have to take a break, really chill out and have a deep breath, this will help you feel better. Remember not to stress up yourself !

Sexuality and Religion: A Source of Conflict in Egyptian Life

Sexuality and Religion: A Source of Conflict in Egyptian Life Sexuality and Religion: A Source of Conflict in Egyptian Life Egypt is one of the oldest cultures on earth. Part of that culture is the religion of Islam. The practices of Egypts modern society, including sexuality, are deeply rooted in both its religious and secular history. Yet, like any modern society, the Egyptian people are exposed to the influences of the rest of the world. It is a world with much different values and practices than those of the Prophet Mohammed and previous generations. Regarding sexuality, the combination of duty to tradition and desire for liberation represents a serious struggle in daily Egyptian life. The Quran and Islamic law heavily influence civil law and social practices in Egypt. This influence started in the middle of the seventh century A.D., when the Arabs conquered Egypt. At the time, Egypt was ruled by the Byzantine Empire and was suffering religious persecution under them. The Egyptians welcomed the Arab invaders and, over the next several centuries, gradually converted to Islam. This eventually led to the current religious makeup in Egypt today of about 90% Muslim and 10% other, mostly Coptic Christians (US Central Intelligence Agency). The Islamic law or sharia practiced today is not just a restatement of the Quran. Rather, it is a mix of those verses, observations of the behaviors of Mohammed (sunnah) and interpretations of Mohammeds teachings developed over the centuries by Islamic legal scholars. But, how many of these laws does the average Egyptian citizen know? As in most societies with numerous and complicated laws, the average persons legal knowledge comes mostly from verbal instruction and hearsay. This leaves compliance with the law open to misunderstandings and manipulation. For the individual, this causes uncertainty and anxiety. In compliance with Islamic beliefs, sexual relations in Egyptian society are only allowed between a legally married couple. A high value is placed on virginity at the time of marriage. However, lifelong celibacy is discouraged. Extraordinary measures, by Western standards, are taken to uphold the societys moral standards. These measures fall generally into the categories of avoiding unsupervised contact between genders and avoiding arousal of sexual urges. Since Egypt is a male dominated society, the responsibility for avoiding premarital relations rests predominately with the female. Egyptian society assigns stereotypical roles to men and women. The men are the breadwinners and protectors, while women are expected to maintain the household and raise the children. Since the men need to move about freely to fulfill their role, women are required to curtail their travels to avoid arousing the men. Ideally, when leaving the house, a responsible male from her family, typically a brother or her father, should accompany an unmarried woman. However, in modern Egypt many young women attend college or have jobs where constant family supervision is impractical. Also, when outside the house, a woman is expected to wear modest clothing and cover all exposed skin except face and hands. Again, the purpose of this is to avoid the sexual arousal of the males who may see her. Egyptian womens efforts to avoid attracting male attention are not working well. Sexual harassment is prevalent in Egypt. In an interview with the Washington Post, one Egyptian woman commented, â€Å"The more women veil the less men learn to behave as decent and civilized members of society and the more women are harassed, the more they veil thinking it will protect them (Knickmeyer). In a travel advisory, the US Department of State says that a 2008 survey of Egyptian men determined that 78% had sexually harassed women. Harassment experiences create anxiety and internal conflict in Egyptian women. They are making a sincere effort to avoid the problem by covering up. Yet, they are unsuccessful and have been raised to believe that such problems are their fault. The practice of avoiding encounters between genders for unmarried people creates a huge problem. Courtship as known in Western culture, including hand holding, hugging and kissing, is prohibited. Thus, it is difficult for a couple to fall in love and get to know each other well enough to consider marriage. The historical answer has been for the family to assist their children in finding suitable mates. Families identify perspective mates for their children and arrange meetings in the presence of the womans family. However, this environment limits the extent to which the couple can get to know each other and results in less certainty in compatibility than would be expected in societies that permit unsupervised courtship. It also contributes to internal conflict in the individuals involved. That is, personal uncertainties about the potential mate conflict with family expectations for young people to marry by a certain age. In recent years, the high cost of getting married and economic conditions in modern Egypt have made it difficult for Egyptian men to afford marriage. In Egypt, the groom and his father pay for the wedding and must give a dowry or mahr to the bride. For the typical wedding, this cost amounts to several years wages of both the groom and his father (Singerman, 21-22). This is forcing young Egyptians to put off marriage until they can save the required money. For people living by the Islamic rules and avoiding premarital sexual relations, this waiting increases sexual frustration and can lead to depression. The impact of high marriage costs on a young couples finances and a weak courtship procedure contribute to a high failure rate for Egyptian marriages. Egyptian government statistics show that 34.5% of marriages fail in their first year (Al Khamissi). For comparison, in the US approximately 70% of couples married between 1990 and 1994 were still married ten years later (US Census Bureau). An alternative to the high cost traditional marriage is an urfi (secret) marriage. In this form of marriage, the couple draws up a marriage contract and verbally declares that they are married. Typically the contract is not registered with the government and the couples families are not informed. While this type of marriage is inexpensive and allows them to have sexual relations, it can create other problems for the couple. If the sexual relations result in a pregnancy, it becomes difficult to keep the marriage secret. The couple must either disclose their marriage or get an illegal abortion. Also, the couple must still deal with the stress and anxiety associated with keeping the marriage secret. They must find places to meet and justify the time spent apart from their families. People who arent able to get married may look for alternative outlets for their sexual needs. Typical possibilities include Internet pornography, masturbation and prostitution. None of these are looked upon favorably in Egyptian society. Thus, the person is faced with another conflict; endure the sexual frustration or the guilt and risk associated with these other sexual outlets. According to Google Trends, Egyptians are among the world leaders in seaching for the word â€Å"sex† on the Internet. However, viewing pornography violates Islamic law set forth in the Quran. â€Å"Lo! Allah enjoineth justice and kindness, and giving to kinsfolk, and forbiddeth lewdness and abomination and wickedness. He exhorteth you in order that ye may take heed (Pickthall: Quran 16:90).† Therefore, by choosing this behavior the person is choosing one banned act over another (sex outside of marriage). Conclusions Past generations of Egyptians accepted the sexual restrictions imposed by law and tradition because they were raised in that environment, learned that concept of self and had little opportunity for comparison to practices in other cultures. However, improved communications through the Internet and other media have raised questions in the minds of Egyptian youth about these customs. They see premarital sex and publicly expressed sexuality in Western media and desire those freedoms and pleasures for themselves. For now, the conflict between individual sexual desires and societys restrictions on sexual activity occurs mostly within the individuals in Egyptian society. However, as Western culture and values influence more and more young Egyptians, it is likely that a more visible struggle for increased sexual latitude will develop between them and the fundamentalists, who demand to retain the old customs.

Every Child Matters Case Study

Every Child Matters Case Study Every Child Matters is a Government approach aimed to ensure all children, regardless of their circumstances or background have the support they need to: be healthy; stay safe; enjoy and achieve; make a positive contribution; and achieve economic well-being. This essay will explore the background of the framework, its aims and other relevant policies and legislation. I will then reflect on how ECM has affected my Local Authority and the school where I will be training. Finally I will then reflect on how ECM will inform my planning and teaching, and what it will mean to me as a professional in the classroom and in developing my practice. In 2003 the Government released the original Every Child Matters: Green paper, it was a response to the Joint Chief Inspectors report on the findings of Lord Lamings (Victoria Climbies death) public enquiry. It highlighted many failings from services to communicate and intervene. It set out proposals on how to address the issues of concern that had been identified and suggested measures that were needed to improve and reform childcare The Green Paper identified four areas of action: Support for parents and carers Effective protection and early intervention Accountability and poor integration Reform of the workforce The aim was to not only protect children but also to enable children to improve and fulfil their lives. The Green Paper built upon the foundations of Sure Start, aiming to eradicate child poverty and raising school standards. The success of the Green Paper led to the paper being transformed in to Every Child Matters: The Next Steps. Alongside this and with the support of the Houses of Parliament, the 1998 Childrens Act was reformed and adapted into The Childrens Act 2004. This Act aimed to encourage. It also aimed to ensure that LAs (Local Authorities) were given more flexibility when implementing their provision. One result of this act was the development of Local Safeguarding Childrens Boards. These boards aimed to co-ordinate between all LAs in a local area in order to safeguard children. The Act also resulted in the formation of the Every Child Matters Framework Every Child Matters: Change for Children, became a national framework. The title Every Child Matters was used to amalgamate all of the documents, that aimed to organise and deliver services that ensured every child and young person became an active member of society. There was also the aim of preventions as opposed to just dealing with the consequences. For this to work the framework suggested multi-agency collaboration from all those working with children and young people. Through this collaboration of services it would hopefully allow children and young people to achieve the five outcomes of the The Children Act 2004 (Section 10). Section 10 requires public services to ensure all children and young people are: -Protected from neglect and harm -Have the right to education, training and recreation Physical and mental health and emotional well-being -Contributing to society -Achieve social and economic well-being These are summarised as enabling children or young people to: Stay Safe, Be Healthy, Make a Positive Contribution, Enjoy and Achieve, and Achieve Economic Well-Being. These five outcomes are referenced to throughout Every Child Matters. To ensure all children and young people progress against these outcomes, policies and practices needed to be developed and implemented. The framework also focused on trying to ensure every child had provision regardless of their background or circumstances, and to enable children and young people to have a greater say about the issues and problems that affect them collectively and as individuals. This was evident in 2005, when the first Childrens Commissioner for England was elected; this gave a voice for children. This was one action aimed to prevent problems rather than dealing with consequences. As well as this the framework was seen as an inescapable moral imperative that it intended to assist a radical reform of services In 2007 The Childrens Plan was published, this aimed to build upon the Every Child Matters framework. The Childrens Plan: Building Brighter Future was a ten year plan that aimed to centralise children and young people, and increasing the focus on parental roles and the wider communities. The Plan focused on the Childrens Trusts, and believed that this was central to delivering quality, and set high expectations of them to deliver. The Childrens Trusts had similar aims to those of the Local Safeguarding Children Boards, they both aimed to collaborate. The Trusts take the child centred approach and use an integrated strategy of joint planning and commissioning, and pooled budgets. This inter agency co-operation aims to be sustainable by using a shared language and similar processes. Working in this manner means that the trust will hopefully be able to deliver a service that is very child centred, and has no restrictions from professional boundaries or any other existing agencies. Other frameworks, initiatives, acts and policies that have been a result of, or linked to, the Every Child Matters policy include Working Together to Safeguard Children (2006) and The Equality Act (2006). My Local Authority has made many changes and developed many policies. The LA has developed a policy on e-safety, explaining the risks and what can be done to stay safe. They have also developed an Assessment and Response to Children System (ARCS). This explains the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) and how it aims to assess The LA are also currently undertaking a consultation of the Thurrocks Draft Children and Young Peoples Plan 2010-2013 (CYPP). This is the revised plan is signed up to by many organisations that provide key services for children and young people in Thurrock (including the Council, the NHS, the Police, schools and colleges and the voluntary sector). It sets out the priorities for the Childrens Trust, based on the analysis of the needs of children and young people, and what has been learnt through various consultations and interactions with children, young people, their parents, carers and professionals. These plans have to be prepared by every area in the country and the Department of Children Schools and Families (DFSF) provide guidance to help them do this. These plans will form the main planning document of all Childrens Trust agencies, and partner agencies, meaning that whatever is done with children and young people in Thurrock it will contribute to achieving the collective ambiti ons everybody has for them. Thurrock Children Young Peoples Plan 2007-10, developed many policies such as Each Child, Every Young Person, All Agencies Our Plan 2007 2010. This identified the priorities that were needed and the goals to be set in order for all children and young people in Thurrock to be able to achieve the five outcomes of ECM. It aimed to improve services in Thurrock over the past three years. The plan was delivered through the Children and Young Peoples Strategic Partnership (CYPSP), which aims to meet the need of children and young people in Thurrock. It sets out 12 goals that they aimed to achieve to be able to meet the ultimate five goals of ECM. In January of this year A Review of School Improvement was also conducted by Peter Wylie for Thurrock Council. It was a review of how effective school improvement services in Thurrock were, and it went on to propose options for the future whilst keeping in mind the local and national policy priorities. One such policy: Your child, your schools, our future: building a 21st century schools system aims to create a school system. It is a system that aims to respond to changes in economy and society and enable every child to enjoy growing up, and develop their potential and talent. It also gives them the broad skills they will need for the future. There are many guidelines, policies and legislation in place to ensure children are protected and achieve wellbeing, and each covers various areas and ensures multiagency collaboration. As a trainee teacher and a qualified teacher I will need to be aware of these because they underpin everything that I do. Within school and within my teaching and planning, the five key principles of the ECM framework must be at the forefront of my mind, they need to be at the heart of every aspect of the school, including. Within Every Child Matters, at the heart of the curriculum it states that ECM requires teachers to be committed and passionate, and offer. It also states that teaching should include activities that are beyond the school, that involve parents and relate to real life experience. It also suggests. The curriculum is designed with ECM at the centre; the design features address all 5 aspects, such as ensuring children are given the opportunity to learn in many subjects, and in a variety of settings and environments. ECM is at the centre when considering and ensuring opportunities for events such as productions and sports days, and when considering the schools routines. Also when considering any extended hours, offering opportunities before, during and after school, and links with health and social agencies. Young peoples lives are centred around school, and they clearly have an important part to play in supporting children to achieve the five aspects of ECM. Schools need to take into account the needs of all learners when planning. I will now consider how each aspect is/can be promoted in the curriculum. Schools can promote being healthy and staying safe by having a positive school ethos, which promotes inclusion. It should also follow many policies and procedures, to ensure children stay safe. When working as a Trainee Teacher and a qualified teacher I will need to be aware of all the policies that the school follows and ensure I am kept up to date with these. For example: safeguarding and health and safety policies. Some procedures for this might be: questioning any adults in the school without a name badge; and safety hinges on doors. I will also need to ensure I promote inclusion by methods such as personalisation. The school in which I am training tries very hard to ensure that children stay healthy. They have gained the Healthy School Award and have recently been given The Sports Unlimited Award. The school now offers a range of after school and lunchtime clubs, and provides healthy snacks for Foundation Stage and KS1 children. The school also brings in coaches to take P.E. lessons, to motivate learners and teach them the sport that they are experts in. Drinking water is provided throughout the day and each child has their own water bottle for them to drink from when in lessons. The school also actively promotes walking or cycling to school, and conducts cycling proficiency for pupils. Over the past year lunchtimes have become more structured with MDA and LSAs taking structured activities. Another good initiative that the school has adopted is the use of peer buddying and mentoring, with each adult in the school mentoring at least one child that is in need. The school also provides opportunit ies for learners to grow vegetables. As well as having regular assemblies taken by police officers and visits from health workers. The school makes many links between the community with visits to sing at old peoples homes and links with reading schemes through the library. When I am planning and teaching I will need to ensure that I use circle time to explore health and personal issues as well as encourage debate and peer decisions. I could also provide a quiet area within my classroom where children are able to take time out. Opportunities should be given to promote and encourage and to learn to be healthy in many subjects. I will need to be aware of this and apply them in my teaching. A few examples include: allowing for leaners to be empowered through making their own decisions, encouraging diversity, respecting difference and teaching them about their own identity, and using mathematics to investigate data on diet and health. History could also be used to explore community history and individual identity. Schools have the responsibility to ensure children are able to enjoy and achieve whilst staying safe when they are at school, through a wide range of policies and procedures. For example rules for how to use equipment safely, safeguarding, carrying out risk assessments, and bullying policies. However the staying safe element of ECM goes much further than the school and it is about. The school in which I am training provides many opportunities to ensure children are able to stay safe. They provide day and residential trips and set rules around the school based upon the schools Core values. With the increase in the use of the internet, the LA have also developed a policy for E-safety. The school provides mentoring and home work clubs to ensure the learners dont fall behind with work and also provide pupils with the opportunities to discuss any issues they may have. The school also has a council that acts as the student voice and gets learners more involved in the school. The school also encourages confidence for children to speak out, and uses role play, performances and presentations to promote this. The school uses visits from outside professionals, such as community police officers, and before any school trips, a safety check has to be conducted. There are also many opportunities to promote staying safe in the subjects that are being taught in my school. For example art, and design and technology could be used to promote safe practice and managing risks that may occur. ICT could be used to develop safety, such as questioning information and how to sit correctly at computer, i.e. .posture. When Teaching I need to be aware of how I can incorporate staying safe in my planning and in my classroom. I would also need to use the schools Core Values to assist safety and set class rules with the children. I will also need to take some responsibility in ensuring the school is safe, because it is everybodys responsibility not just the head teachers or senior managers. I could use stories in my class to deal with behaviours such as bullying and challenging stereotypes, resolving conflict and consequences. Schools need to ensure every child is making a positive contribution by ensuring the environment is created to encourage all to participate. They also give learners a voice, and vary in teaching strategies. The school where I am training has a school council that provides the children with a voice to speak out. In the Every Child Matters, at the heart of the curriculum booklet it states that if the children are aware that they have the opportunity to enrich the lives of others and support and care for them, and ultimately change things for the better, then they are much more likely to be more sociable beyond the school gates. The school I will be training at provides opportunities across the curriculum to ensure children give a positive contribution. The school council gives the opportunity to make decisions such as what equipment shall be built in the playground. It is important that children are able to make choices that have a true impact. Learners are also given various responsibilities around the school such as being responsible for the library, putting books away or giving them out, watering and looking after the garden, and collecting the register. They also encourage learners to participate in clubs and projects around the school. The school offers various clubs and everybody participates in the Christmas plays, as well as using buddying and mentoring schemes. They make links with the community through projects such as Christmas singing and also use such projects to raise money for charities. I will need to be aware of these points to ensure that I incorporate them into my classroom, for example by giving children responsibilities. I will also need to be aware of the ways the children can offer a positive contribution in certain subjects, such as promoting group work in English, including listening, speaking and responding to others, or encouraging children to contribute to a performance in music. When I am teaching I will need to ensure I enable and provide children with an opportunity to speak out and tell me the support they need, and provide an environment which is created for all to be able to participate in. I could use various methods to promote positive contribution such as using talk partners, incentives and mentors. Enjoying and Achieving is promoted in schools by lessons always taking account for different learning styles and abilities, thus ensuring that learners enjoy their learning. To ensure they enjoy and achieve, I may need to refer a child that may need more specialist help, research any needs they may have, differentiate and personalise my lessons, and celebrate achievements. If children are enjoying learning and have good supportive relationships, they are more likely to achieve. Every child has a talent, and it is the responsibility of the school to uncover these talents and ensure that all young people view themselves as a success and can live a fulfilling life. This means that the curriculum needs to be full of challenges and surprises. Children need to be able to build upon their own aptitudes as well as being able to enjoy what they are learning, and should be given opportunities to take on responsibility, whilst always considering each childs individual needs. The school that I am training at offers the pupils many opportunities to achieve and enjoy across the curriculum. The school gives each year group a topic every term, this allows children to see links between subjects, and provides them with opportunities to deeply explore issues. The school provides many trips from adventurous activities to historical sites, and provides opportunities for children to participate in the community through activities and projects. The school also provides many opportunities for children to demonstrate their skills through concerts, plays, and sports, and uses an achievement wall to praise children that achieve and/or participate, as well as having ac hievement assemblies once a week. In the achievement assemblies many awards are given: sporting awards; awards for effort; knowledge and reading; or anything else that is considered an achievement. The school also provides catch-up lessons and additional support through lunchtime and afterschool. I need to ensure that I see the school as a learning community and that I see myself as a lead learner. I will need to ensure that I provide opportunities for children to explore deeply and widely. When I am planning I will try and ensure to incorporate the childrens interest into lessons, and I will also need to ensure I arrange trips to help them to enjoy and achieve. I will need to try and use experts and organisations when teaching, and reach out and use parents where possible. I will also need to fully participate throughout the school to ensure I assist in allowing children to enjoy and achieve. There are many opportunities in lessons where I can plan to ensure children enjoy and achieve. In PSHE I could provide practical learning activities that relate to real life. I could also use real life situations in mathematics or use investigation games and strategies. I will need to be able to incorporate and ensure the children enjoying and achieving is at the heart of my teaching and planning. I must understand that it isnt about just teaching the lesson; it is about them understanding, enjoying and learning from the lesson. Economic wellbeing is about contextualising learning by relating it to the real world, and learners see the value of their learning. It also helps learners to create a. This means that children can achieve a great sense of satisfaction from being responsible for their own future. The school where I will be training uses many opportunities in the curriculum to help children to achieve economic wellbeing. The school provides learning opportunities for children to fundraise, in school or in an outside school setting. The school also encourages children to take on jobs in school such as taking responsibility for the school library or collecting the register. The school also provides leadership opportunities for pupils, such as becoming mentors or part of the school council. The school also actively promotes and embraces cultural difference and diversity. I could help children to achieve economic wellbeing by making them responsible for their dinner money and make it their responsibility to work out any change. I must ensure I encourage children to take on responsibilities in the school and in the class. There are many opportunities for learners to achieve economic wellbeing in subjects. For example I could use English to develop communication skills, and expressing views and ideas effectively. Learners could also develop their skills in obtaining information, analysing it, and evaluating it in science. P.E. could be used to teach children to work both as an individual and as part of team. When considering my personal development, my priority is to learn how to plan correctly, ensuring I use various learning environments and take into account the different childrens contexts. I will need to sit down with my School Based Trainer and maybe the classs last teacher, and consider each childs context. I will then be able to use this to personalise and differentiate planning. It will also inform me of the childrens interests, this will help me to plan for their interests and ensure they enjoy the lessons. ECM has greatly affected education and the way teachers teach. It has impacted many areas from, planning, safety, and dealing with behaviour. It has played a major part in radically reforming many children and young peoples services and lives. It is important however to not only praise the policy but also to criticise the policy in order for it to be developed and improved. This can be seen in the development from the Green Paper. At every stage the original policy aims were evaluated and then reset. For ECM to fully achieve its aims it is important that there needs to be multi-disciplinary work, and that teams and colleagues need to continuously reflect and evaluate. The overall effect of Every Child Matters and been massive, and Im sure that the results will continue to be seen for many years to come.

Thomas Jefferson :: essays research papers

President Thomas Jefferson 1801 - 1809 Thomas Jefferson came into presidency with the intentions of limiting the size and power of the central government. His success and failures in accomplishing this goal were many. Thomas Jefferson was America’s third president in reign from 1801 – 1809, once tying in the presidential race with Aaron Burr, where the decision was made by the House of Representatives to choose Jefferson whom they thought was less dangerous than Burr. As president he was the first to be inaugurated in Washington which was a city he had helped to plan. President Jefferson's inauguration was probably the start of the changes in government. It has been said that his particular taking of office had lead to the simplest speech stating that "essential principals" would guide his administration and would support all states with "equal and exact justice to all". And the actual changes of administration were the most peaceful of all, nothing like those previously. Jefferson’s accomplishments were most greatly seen by the ability to simplify the Republican government in the new capital by cutting back the unnecessary branches and less useful positions while replacing Federalists with Republicans. And by the year 1808, Republicans held almost all the government offices. At the same time Jefferson fought to keep the size of the government from continuously growing. President Jefferson work diligently with congress to change the Alien Acts to have a more relaxed naturalization for only requiring five years of residency achieve United States citizenship, instead of the previous fourteen years. While president Jefferson achieved credit for making the Federal governments priorities foreign affairs, and leaving local matters for the state and local governments to tend with. Jefferson’s beliefs in local self government created differences between himself and Alexander Hamilton which created the Federalists (Hamilton followers) and the Democrat Republican’s (Jefferson followers). President Jefferson was instrumental in the Louisiana Purchase, which secured an area extending from Canada to the Gulf and the Mississippi to the Rockies, for fifteen million dollars. This purchase also led to the planning and organization of the Lewis and Clark expedition. However, the argument over whether or not Florida was included in the Louisiana Purchase caused many sarcastic attacks on Thomas Jefferson from members of congress. Although, shortly before leaving office President Jefferson was forced to yield on certain acts that he had implemented, such as the Non-importation Act of 1806 and the Embargo Act of 1807.

You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from Antidisc

You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from Antidiscirmination Laws You Can’t Say That is a truly important book, for it reminds us that no social revolution, even the most morally justified, is costless. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 did indeed precipitate a social revolution, one that at long last began to deliver on the promise of the Emancipation Proclamation. Over the nearly half-century since its passage much has changed in America, and for African-Americans that change has been both grievously overdue and remarkable in its sweep, although still very much a work in progress. However, this is not a book that catalogues the successes of the antidiscrimination movement that burgeoned in the wake of the 1964 Act, but rather an elegy to what must count on the other side of the ledger, to what has been compromised in the noble quest for racial equality. In this eloquent and accessible book, remarkably free from the lawyer’s propensity to stultify the laymen with a blizzard of case law, it is clear that the principal cost has been to First Amendment values, sacrificed too cavalierly when they conflict with antidscrimination principles. One need only look to the publisher of Bernstein’s book, the Cato Institute, to see that the ideological landscape has been radically altered since the 1960s, when New Deal liberals still dominated the left, and the First Amendment comprised the heart and soul of their United States Constitution. Even earlier, before World War II, when Communists held sway on the left, the First Amendment was sacrosanct: to Communists it was their second favorite constitutional amendment, after the Fifth, prized as a stratagem to protect their freedom to subvert. For... ...ork’s most prestigious museums did not display enough art produced by women. Housing and Urban Development officials used the Fair Housing Act amendments to intimidate neighborhood groups that sought to exercise their free speech rights to campaign against group homes for the disabled, while those charging discrimination have sometimes been allowed by courts to enter into evidence a defendant’s past political speech. These examples are the tip of Bernstein’s iceberg. Even good causes can run amuck if fundamental constitutional principles are set aside: noble ends can be compromised by hasty or tainted means. This book is a red flag, which we ignore at our peril. Works Cited: You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from Antidiscirmination Laws by David E. Bernstein. Washington, DC: CATO Institute, 2003, 197 pages, $20.00