Green Branding Effects on Attitude

Introduction There have been a lot of literature reviews over the years on consumers behaviors towards squirt products as well as green marketing resulting from consumers concern on environmental protection. using Hallin (1995) and McCarty and Shrum (2001), Lorache, Bergeron, and Barbaro-Forleo (2001) and Yam-Tang and Chan (1998), the piece of work was conducted to test among innovative Zealand consumers behavior towards purchasing green products. This study was done on newfound Zealands consumer as the expanse has always been perceived as a clean and green country and its consumers were assumed with high environmental conscious.Review of the Literature The authors begin with a brief review of literature that supports the ideas that consumers indication of positive attitude towards environmental issues do not necessarily lead to actual environmental amicable purchasing behavior (Laroche et al. , 2002). This investigate provided theoretical and managerial implication. Theor etical implication is to add support to previous research which showed that consumers argon concerned ab let out the environment, but not necessarily prepared to seek out or buy green products (Foster, 1989 Wasik 1992).In terms of managerial implication, it provides indication to marketers on targeted consumers that purchase green products. This research also identified factors that discriminate between those who purchase green products and those who dont. The authors point out the gaps in existing literature. They mentioned that most studies have focused on general environmental behavior. Therefore, the authors suggest studies on to a greater extent specific consumers purchasing behavior are done. The authors conclude that their study provides some important contribution to the green marketing theory for future research agenda.Method of the Study The authors state they used qualitative choice models in analyzing participation in a variety of activities. Data collection from mail su rveys that were sent to households in in the altogether Zealand are described in considerable detail. The authors state that reliability test of each construct was conducted to condition reliability and validity of data obtained. The gathered information was retained for data analysis. Findings The analysis in this study was tested for green purchasing behavior only.Environmentally conscious behavior also relates to different types of behavior alike recycling and energy saving. However, testing and literature on these behaviors was not mentioned in this study. In future, research on New Zealand consumers should also incorporate cultural and psychological factors. In Table 1, pp 97-98, number of tested respondents are 521 i. e. 296 male and 225 female. However, errors were spotted in this table where a total respondent is not consistent for other categories in the same analysis.For example for Age Group and Number of Dependant Children categories, numbers of respondents suddenly cash in ones chips 522. For other categories, total number of respondents reduced Marital Status (520), Education Background (517), Household Income (498) and heathenish Group (521). However, the statistical method used in this study is appropriate to determine factors that influence consumers purchasing behavior. Conclusion The authors relate their research findings with the overall purpose of the study i. e. to reveal that consumers behavior towards purchasing green products.From the study we learned that even if consumers are profess strong support towards environmental like New Zealanders, they are not necessary purchase green products. From other literatures, we found that similar results would also bear upon consumers in other countries. This is because most consumers are more price untoughened, quality sensitive and brand sensitive/loyalty. Other factors affecting consumers behavior are socio-economic characteristic, convenience in locating products and transparent inform ation on green products label.In summary, further studies must be done and better procedures must be veritable. Larger samples should be used to improve our understanding concerning the factors affecting consumers behavior. Suggestion for future research, analysis on respondents from other developed countries should also be undertaken for comparison purposes and it would further conclude the factors affecting consumers behavior globally. Information from the findings would assist marketers to strategies on green marketing.

Cycling Is an Ideal Mode of Transport Essay

With the improvement of living standard, the ownership of cars is increase because of their convenience and rapid speed. However, some social experts consider that as a form of transport in urban areas, make pass is better than cars, which could combine the means of transport with public health. This essay will advocate that make pass is an ideal mode of transport in crowed cities by focusing on the expenditure and milieu effects.Firstly, cycling is a convenient and affordable mean of transport. Cyclists do not need to worry or so traffic congestion which often appears during rush hour in busy cites. Normally it is believed that commuting by motor vehicles is quicker than by bikes, however, in gyp distance, cycling may spend a short time which does not include traffic jam and parking. Furthermore, cycling could reduce the cost of living dramatically. With the worth of petrol, parking and maintenance increasing, traveling by cars costs more money than by bicycle. Despite the ci rcumstance that cycling is not available for bad weather, most circumstance is suitable to ride a bike. Therefore, general cycling is beneficial to the users.In addition to this, another reason to choose cycling is that it is environmental friendly. Compared with cars, cycling does not emit any carbon dioxide to the environment. Motor vehicles have already become the main polluter. If cycling is encouraged, air pollution would be reduced considerably and climate change could be alleviated in the future. Moreover, cycling is an effective way to escape from noise, because noisy pollution in urban centres is caused mainly by cars, which has negative impacts on living quality. As a result, cycling has minimal effects on the environment.In conclusion, cycling is an ideal mean of transport in modern cities as it is cost effective and environmental friendly. Therefore, government should build more implement for cycling such as bike paths and lines to ensure the guard duty of cyclists, wh ich could encourage more citizens to enjoy cycling.

Seven Organizational Approaches Hca/220

Seven Organizational Approaches The seven organizational approaches inhabit of theses 1. Body planes and clay direction 2. Body cavities 3. Quadrants and regions 4. mannikin and physiology 5. Microscopic to macroscopic 6. Body system 7. Medical specialties The consistency planes and body directions ar used to study by dividing it with planes when in an anatomical position. Coronal plane or frontage plane is the vertical plane that divides the body front and venture. The front of the body is the anterior or ventral. The back of the body is the posterior or the abaxial. Laying face down is the prone position.Lying on the back is dorsal supine. Sagittal plane is a vertical plane that dividends the body into right and go forth section. The body cavities consist of seven cavities. Cranial caries is within the bony cranium. This contains the brain, cranial nerves, as well as different structures. Spinal cavity is the continuation of the cranial cavity, it travels sown the midlin e of the back. Spinal cavity is within the bones of spinal column. This contains the spinal cord, spinal nerves. Thoracic cavity is within the chest surrounded by the pinhead bone (sternum) anteriorly, ribs, bones of the spinal column posteriorly.Thoracic cavity contains the lungs. Abdominal cavity is within the abdomen. Pelvic cavity is a continuation of the abdomen cavity. The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvic (hip) bone. The abdominopelvic cavity contains organs of the gastrointestinal, reproductive, and urinary system. These internal organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are known as the viscera. You evoke study the human body by Quadrants and Regions. You have the four quadrants which include the left upper and left write down quadrants and the right upper and right lower quadrants.There are also nine regions which include the right and left hypochondriac regions, the epigastric region, the right and left lumbar regions, the umbilical region, the right and left ingui nal or iliac regions, and hypogastric region. Anatomy and Physiology are way you can study the human body as well. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body. Physiology is the study of the ranges of those structures. Microscopic to Macroscopic is a way the human body can be analyse according to its smallest part and how they combine to make larger and more complex structures and systems.Body systems are another way the human body can be studied according to its various structures and how they function together as a whole. The following are a list of body systems Gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, blood, lymphatic system, integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, urinary system, male genital and reproductive system, female genital and reproductive system, endocrine system, eyes, ears, nose, and throat system. The human body can be studied according to the medical specialties that make up the practice of m edicine.

Themes presented in Act 1-Measure for Measure

A theme becoming noticeably present throughout Act 1 is that of religion, mayhap leave-taking of the larger them of religion. The Duke, Scene 1 line 70, speaks of universe greeted by aves vehement. The word Ave in Latin means Hail and is of ten dollar bill associated with prayer, particularly to the Virgin Mary (a figure prominent in Catholicism). This suggests that the common in Vienna see the Duke as a saviour and a figure to be worshipped. At the time of its pilot performance this would have conveyed to the hearing the prominence and power of the Duke in Vienna. However, the Duke says this greeting is practised he does not relish it, showing the audience possibly that the Duke is not arrogant and does not wish to be a replacement for someones faith it peradventure allows the audience to hold a respect for the Duke from the beginning of the play.In scene 2, the file name extensions to religion continue with Lucio speaking of the sanctimonious pirate that went out to sea wi th the ten commandments, exclusively scraped one off the table. This suggests a corruption of religion and its associated beliefs, which may foreshadow other themes coming subsequently in the play-those of right and wrong, particularly when escorting laws on whoredom and the confusion about marriage (should it be based on good faith or a legal ceremony). The pirate reference, particularly to the original audience, may have suggested that somebodyal interpretations and sinister dealings were going to occur in the performance.Both the reference to the pirate and aves could show how Shakespeare is presenting a problem play. They raise the question of how religion should be carried out and how it tolerate creep too far into everyday behaviour, until people begin to make powerful/adored figures idols and interpret religious teachings to suit their own behaviour.Scene 3, in the monastery, has two intertwining themes running through it-those of power and religion. The audience is prese nted with two powerful figures in their own right, one powerful due to his allegiance to God and perhaps less powerful in the workings of society and the other powerful due to his position in society and perceived almost as a God by his people. A silent power attempt appears to be occurring in the scene, not power for powers sake, but in order to earn the respect of the other. Throughout, the Duke appears to be justifying his argument in order to make it hefty less corrupted and more favourable in the eyes of the friar. This comes across in his greetings of Holy father and holy sir and flattery none knows better than you. The friar speaks politely to the Duke Gladly, my lord. There is some sense of balance or equality in this scene, as ordinarily the Duke would be seen to be more powerful, due to his reign on the justice system however, he knows that the only person who can help him is the friar and the friar has the weapon of being aware of why the Duke has disappeared.Justice a nd morality are two another themes running throughout Act 1. The main plot line of Claudio being sentenced is at the centre of these themes. At the time of the first performance, brothels were widely apparent and many powerful figures were cognize for making use of their services. This is made clear to the audience, with the scene set in a brothel and the funny references to sexual diseases and the portrayal of the brothel as an industry. This should show the audience that it was widely accepted that these places were a part of society, making Claudios actions look less severe. He talks of Julietta being fast my wife, apart from the legal proceeding so the fact he is being penalise for this action and others are getting away with prostitution seems even more immoral, it raises the question of whether Claudios actions are worse than the other male characters despite him being confining to one woman. This is open to interpretation by the actors, however, they may choose to play C laudios speech with comedy, to make it sound like a feeble excuse for his actions rather than a legitimate plea for justice, which could make it seem as though justice is being done.Again a sense of corruption is presented, this time in politics. The Duke, who has fled unexpectedly, has let the law be ignored for a number of years yet Claudio is being punished under it. This suggests the laws can be manipulated to suit the leader. This is similar to the corruption of religion mentioned earlier when the pirate changed the ten commandments to suit his lifestyle and ideals at the time.

Liberal Education Essay

Essay Education is the most all important(predicate) factor laughingstock the progress bit has achieved in this world. It has been the permanent character of benevolent history and evolution of thought. However, in the past, it employ to be prerogative of all a few privileged men and the pace of development was quite a slow. Since it has been disseminated to common plurality, thither has been rapid growth in every sphere of development science, technology, sociology, politics, anthropology, etc. outright it is treated as basic human right of every man. Though, it encompasses a wide sphere of knowledge, it has been metamorphosed by man according to his unavoidably.It has been mainly applied as a tool of economic development, which has special(a) its application. Consequently, people are deprived of the potential precept offers for the overall development of personality and stability of family. The chaos in modern world is also partly due to this fault. Therefore, in past ure to meet the multi-dimensional challenges, man faces in the world, it is inwrought to impart real breeding i. e. unspecific nurture. The blanket(a) study has been defined in m each a nonher(prenominal) modal values, though emphasizing the similar essential elements.The better(p) definition is offered by the Association of American Colleges and Universities. informal education means to empower an individual and prepare him to deal with diversity, knottyity and careen. As unvarnished from the definition, the purpose of education is to enable man to surpass the challenges faced in the world, to know and obtain his rights and to become himself in the constantly changing environment in the present day competitive world. The importance of boastful education in this contemporary globalised world is greatest than ever before.The world has become so cause that every economic and kindly activity requires modern and advanced means of communication and technology. The shift of expert development is on a very fast track. There is a demand of more synergistic and communica tive manpower to run this complex system. Moreover, despite the interdependence on each other, the diversity in diametrical areas is in sharp contrast. Hence, the man is indispensable to be quite sufficiently lively to move forward. And the cock that can enable him to face these challenges is nothing but liberal education.This is why the renowned scholar Skarnovey says heavy(a) education the developing countries moldiness adopt it as it is a necessity. Nevertheless, it is essential for every people but the developed countries are already ahead in this sphere. The developing countries, which are still off the beaten track(predicate) behind, need to forge efforts to transform their education system in order to catch up with the peace of mind of the world. Not only because it helps in achieving economic development but also because it fulfills the need of society in every sphe re of life. The sphere of liberal education is wide enough to call it real education.Basically, education is aimed to develop whole macrocosm of a person. It is necessary to educate man to learn social ethics, pagan values, religious obligations, elbow rooms and means of a stable society and skills of overlord competitiveness. Liberal education, simply, fulfills all these essential needs. It emphasises the development of a citizen who is professionally capable of living in the society in civilised way the way which is not only beneficial to himself alone, but also fruitful for other particles of his family, community and society.It is best elaborated in the words of Kurth Kahin Liberal education studyes something about everything and everything about something. His words can be best understood by contrast to the maxim Jack of all police chief of none. Simultaneously, there are also people who are Jack of none but master of one. The people, who hit general education without proficiency in whatsoever specific adequate to(p), are explained by the first maxim. art object some people who are very trained and highly qualified in one study like an engineer, scientist or doctor but do not know any other subject or playing field of life these are referred to the latter assumption.However, liberal education is a moderate way between both the polar positions. It is aimed at making a person a goodness professional in any one field and also to possess knowledge and skills about other important fields. More importantly, it makes constructive members of society better described as Jack of all master of one. In such a way, the objectives of liberal education are multifaceted, which address the requirement of society to a considerable extent. These objectives are briefly discussed here Firstly, it is the most important for a man to be an informed citizen.The people who are concerned only with their single professional field of occupation cannot be ideally good c itizens. They would only be members and nationals of a community or nation. A good citizen is required to be participatory in the social and political building of community, which is the foundation of any society. As the actions of man are based on information and knowledge, without these none understands the obligation towards community and resultantly remains inactive member of society.However, but if the students are inculcated the knowledge of their needs and roles, they would be quite prepared to foresee occurrences and would direct their thoughts and actions towards social and political participation. This can be achieved when the system of education is made liberal which does not aspire to turn only technical robots in human shape but informed and good citizens. Secondly, the philosophy of liberal education envisages the development of creative thinking among the students. Creative thinking has acquired fundamental place in the education system of advanced countries.The stu dents are encourage to think a new. The creative experiments, creative literature and creative art lead to frame the development of thought process. Though, it is practised in western countries, it owes its filiation to the most influential scholars and artists of Greek period and early Muslim era. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Ibn-e-Khaldun, Galileo, Khuw-arzmi, Newton, to name a few, all were creative thinkers. In short, whole of the development in the world and education itself is the result of creative thinking.On the contrary, the limited application of education is insufficient to produce brilliant minds. The specific technological development devoid of human values and ethics has transgressed to form the basis of a viable society. Thus, it is the objective of liberal education to teach the students various subjects like history, sociology, philosophy and psychology besides their professional field, so that creative thought is encourage to be developed among the m. Therefore, we need to introduce liberal education in order to secure our emerging based on corporate ideals.Thirdly, liberal education improves the skills and competitiveness of students, which is necessary to enable them to get basis in the competitive market. For example a typist may have good efficiency in his field but reckoners have replaced typewriter. People like to get their papers typed on computer in order to save their document and to get good command. Now, the excellent typist is in trouble, he would go jobless in the market unless he learns to operate computer. Same is the case with every field of employment. The modes of technology are being transformed very rapidly.In order to meet the demands of market one should be quite prepared and skilled. Hence, the knowledge of mathematics, science, computer literacy and technological acquaintance are necessary to be imparted to the students, which can be achieved by means of liberal education. Fourthly, as the world ha s become a global village, the importance of communication skills has been increased manifold. A person must be proficient in national and at least one worldwide language. He must know how to send e-mail, voice-mail or to carryout visual communication.The social change compels the person to change the job for better opportunities. The talented people feel an urge to move towards other countries as considerably in order to actualise their talent and to obtain maximum result. This is where the communication skills are mostly required. entirely the communication techniques, basically, listening, speaking and writing are essential ingredients. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the skills of students through methods of listening comprehension and speaking ability tests.All the examinations of foreign languages comprise these elements and even very talented students from developing countries fail to go abroad due to lack of these communication skills in external languages. The wor ld has become so shaped that every economic and social activity requires modern and advanced means of communication and technology. The transformation of technological development is on a very fast track. These few objectives of liberal education underline its importance and need in the developing countries, including Pakistan.Unfortunately, it has not been taken seriously. The system of education in our field is obsolete. It is devoid of the contemporary methodological analysis of teaching and the curriculum is almost from native to university level. Computer is studied as a field of study only, not as a skill. Even in most of the universities it is taught only to the students of computer department seeking degree in that subject, let alone its use at primary and secondary level. In universities the students of other subjects like sociology, languages, arts and other sciences are not taught the computer skills.This lags them farthermost behind from students of other countries an d few quality institutes of the country. Same is true of languages. English though introduced from primary level, is not taught according to the modern techniques of comprehension. Only reading lessons and knowing meaning of words cannot enable students to master the language. The methodology of English departments in universities is also in question. The national language, Urdu, is also not focused at any level of education. Learning of both these languages is important to produce capable and competitive students at the national and international level.The fate of the students of other subjects is also not much different. On the one hand, they are deprived of computer and language skills on the other they do not become proficient in their field of bet as the proper methodology is not applied. Faculty members are not well qualified, research is not pursued and creative thought is ignored. These defects of our education system are the main reasons of the chaos, unemployment, poverty and social imbalance in our society. In order to overcome these shortcomings, we must adopt the liberal education system without any further delay.However, this requires a well thought out and comprehensive policy to improve the existing education system. Primarily, we should redesign our curriculum at all levels. All the major components/subjects of liberal education sociology humanism, citizenship, history, philosophy, languages, computer and sciences must be introduced in every tier of education from primary to university levels in accordance with the capacity of students and the needs of society. Secondarily, all the institutions should be equipped with computer and scientific laboratories and libraries.The research and creative thinking should be encouraged through modern techniques of education. In this regard the accessibility and equality of all sections of our stratified society must be ensured in order to achieve uniform development. Lastly, the faculty must be energised by providing skilled and experienced teachers. The existing teachers should be trained to equip them with modern techniques of teaching methodology. Fresh and young broth must be encouraged to join education field as a profession by enhancing the monetary incentives in the education sector.This policy will yield tremendous benefits to the future of a nation. The liberal education is hailed because it brings concrete advantages. The young generation of Pakistan makes bulk of the population of country. According to a report of the evoke Bank of Pakistan 65 per cent of the educated youth is unemployed due to irrelevance of their skills with market. If this portion of population is properly skilled, it will prove to be a boost to the economy as the manpower is considered a resource in all countries of the world.Another benefit would be the eradication of poverty. Once our youth are employed, they will naturally add to the income of their families and consequently eradicate their pov erty. It will also help in raising the living standard of our common man as it is directly proportional to the income of a family. The liberal education would create sense of understanding and cooperation among the people. The contemporary chaos of extremism and isolationism are due to lack of approach towards collective interests and common goals among people.Once they realise their social obligations and think creatively they will initiate participating positively in the stability of society. It is quite clearly manifested from the discussion that liberal education, which is the real education, is an essential component of good governance and stable society. It not only helps an individual to progressively achieve goals but also gives neural impulse to economic, political and social stability to a state. In short, it forms the basis of human development in this complex global world of diversity and challenges. It offers a way towards a better change.

Tourism marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourism marketing plan - Essay ExampleThere are rough extremely essential services marketing strategy that Adventure out Australia can implement to maximise its income in its business. The essay below provides several service marketing mix strategies that the company can utilise to maximize its profit (Adventure out Australia website). Products For a company to be successful in a free-enterprise(a) market, it ought to have competition advantages over its competitors. Their products should be of high quality and attractive to potential customers. It must too provide variety of quality products to its customers (Borden 2005). Adventure outdoors Australia has created a variety of quality products. Some of the primary(prenominal) service products the tourist company offers to their customers include rock climbing, abseiling, outdoor and education adventures group games, and trekking. The Adventure outside Australia Company has a good reputation for producing quality services to t heir customers. Its supremacy in the tourist field in Australia in 1990s was due to its quality service products. To be in a mail to compete in the dynamic market, Adventure outside Australia Company should undertake frequent market inspect to identify the customers needs. The company survey should focus on local and international markets. The company should also utilize good relationship between the local owners and the company to comprehend the requirements of the customers. On the other hand, due to the issuing of many companies which have copied their products, the company has to advance the quality of their products. The company should also consider opening cutting market in new geographical areas. To have the competition advantages in the market, Adventure out Australia need to come up and introduce new quality products in the market. It also needs to focus on the performance of their products and how best to improve the quality of its services. People The use of appropr iate staffing is exceptionally indispensable ingredients in service delivery. The services offered by the company depend on the company employees. As a issuance of this, employees in a company have the ability to either make or break a company. For a company to have competition advantage in the market, it must demonstrate that its staffs are give out than other competitors staffs (Kotler, 2000). Over the years, Adventure out Australia Company has emerged victorious in offering quality development to its employees. They have quality facilitators and staffs who offer quality services to customers. Adventure out Australia should therefore work toward upward(a) the quality of their employees to meet the modern international market demands. Frequent seminars and training programs is extremely relevant in ensuring employees advancements in their services delivery to customers. To have advantages in the market, the company has the responsibility of maintaining the quality of their empl oyees by mentoring and motive them. Outstanding performers need to be recognized and rewarded. This initiative exit motivate employees toward astir(p) their service delivery. On the other hand, promotion, remuneration, and recruitment should be on merit bases. Adequate staffing is also relevant in improving the quality of the services offered by the company employees to the company customers. Having quality people in the company will in this case place the adventure out Australia at a better position in the market competition. Physical Evidence

Justice Scalia's Fundamental Rights Research Paper

Justice Scalias Fundamental Rights - Research Paper Example genius as an instrument to protect the fundamental rights of citizens in America. The fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. authorship is concerned primarily with the fundamental rights of citizens of the unite States. Based on the, 14th Amendment, all somebodys born or accomplished in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or utilise any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law (Legal Information Institute). Simply put, the 14th Amendment limits the powerfulness of Congress and another(prenominal) federal and state powers to discriminate against undivideds. The 14th Amendment is the document of equal protection that outlaws individual rights violations. Since the 1970s, the 14th Amendment has been employ as one of the central tools of legal defense against labor and employment discrimination. However, not everyone agrees that the 14th Amendment is a valid argument against discrimination. When a public figure as popular as Justice Scalia expresses a divergent opinion, it is natural and logical that the public reaction will be immediate. In one of his new-made interviews, Justice Scalia expressed an opinion that the 14th Amendment has nothing to do with discrimination and individual rights according to Scalia, the U.S. Constitution by itself does not outlaw discrimination (Terkel). Rather, the Constitution simply provides the basis and creates a legal context, which allows issue legislation that outlaws different forms of discrimination against individuals (Terkel). Justice Scalia is confident that the Constitution does not prohibit discrimination, and it is within the power of U.S. legislators, not the Constitution, to enact laws that defend the fundamental rights of American citizens. As a result, the Fourteenth Amendment can scantily serve a relevant ground for legal protection against sexual and gender discrimination in the workplace or in courts. To some extent, Justice Scalia is correct the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed with the intent to continue illegal immigrants and aliens from accessing and using the benefits provided by U.S. Government. This is why the 14th Amendment limits the scope of the legal rights protection to citizens or those naturalized in the United States (The 14th Amendment). It was not before the 1970s that the legal meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment was changed to acquire one of the key instruments and legal arguments against sexual and other types of individual discrimination in the U.S. Even today, the 14th Amendment remains the source of major legal controversies, since there is no explicit statement that could be immediately related to the issue of sexual or gen der discrimination. However, the role which the Fourteenth Amendment plays in the protection of individual rights and the elimination of inequality and discrimination cannot be ignored. Simultaneously, Justice Scalias homophobic prejudices are well-known to the American public. It is no wonder that Scalia does not believe the 14th Amendment and its equal protection clause applies to women, gays or lesbians (LaVictoire). In the notorious case of Lawrence v. Texas Justice Scalia claimed